National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

Fe-14Cr-0.4Ti-0.25Y(2)O(3) ferritic steels were produced by varying the amount of residual process control agent, PCA (ethanol), in the ball-milled powders and changing the spark-plasma-sintering, SPS, temperature. Near the-oretical density (99.3%), high Vickers hardness (501-920 HV, measured by applying a load of 100 g for 5 s) and fine grain size (26-36 nm), very stable against heating, can be achieved on ODS ferritic steels, consolidated from powders with a low amount of PCA and processing temperature in the range of 1000 degrees C-1100 degrees C. Additional grain refinement occurs near alpha -> gamma transition which is generated by the reaction of the traces of PCA with the ferritic matrix upon heating. High local temperatures and the evolved thermally activated processes, at the contact points between particles/at the particle surfaces during SPS-consolidation, were demonstrated to be the main factors responsible for improved densities and hardness. The role of PCA in the sintering, thermal and microstructure particularities and its impact on the quality of the final steel was thoroughly analysed throughout the work. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Previous electron spin resonance investigations correlated with data from cathodoluminscence and photoluminescence measurements have shown that impurity ions consisting mainly of isotopes with zero nuclear moments are involved in the structure of the observed paramagnetic point defects. In the present microstructural and compositional investigation we demonstrate that oxygen, carbon and silicon impurity atoms exhibiting low natural content of isotopes with non-zero nuclear spin are indeed present in cBN crystallites selected from amber coloured BORAZON CBN400 and CBN 500 super abrasive powders, as well as in the black coloured BORAZON CBN1000 and CBN Type 1. It is also shown that aggregates of impurity atoms are present next to the extended cBN lattice defects, which could explain the non-uniform distribution of the electro- and opto-active impurities reported in a spectroscopy investigation.

The results of the present Q-band electron spin resonance (ESR) investigation on amber colored cubic boron nitride (cBN) crystalline superabrasive powder (BORAZON CBN400) offer further support to the hypothesis that impurity ions with high natural abundant zero nuclear spin isotopes, distributed non-uniformly, are involved in the structure of the observed paramagnetic centers. One could thus explain the absence of any hyperfine structure in the multifrequency electron spin resonance spectra of both presently and previously investigated cBN crystalline powders and single crystals. The scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence studies performed on single crystallites selected from the same cBN400 batch further confirm the presence of electro- and photo-luminescent active impurity related centers, non-uniformly distributed in the cBN crystallite host lattice. The observation of an intense and reproducible thermoluminescence spectrum, up to high radiation doses, attributed to several trapping centers involving impurities, is also reported here.

Plasma assisted atomic oxygen deposition was used to grow polycrystalline ferroelectric Hf1-xZrxO2 (x = 0.5-0.7) on technologically important (100) Germanium substrates showing sharp crystalline interfaces free of interfacial amorphous layers and strong evidence for the presence of a predominately orthorhombic phase. The electrical properties, evaluated using metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor (MFS) capacitors, show symmetric and robust ferroelectric hysteresis with weak or no wake-up effects. The MFS capacitors with x = 0.58 show very large remanent polarization up to 34.4 mu C/cm(2) or 30.6 mu C/cm(2) after correction for leakage and parasitics, combined with good endurance reaching 10(5) cycles at a cycling field of 2.3 MV/cm. The results show good prospects for the fabrication of Ge ferroelectric field effect transistors (FeFETs) for use in 1 T FeFET embedded nonvolatile memory cells with improved endurance. (C) 2019 Author(s).

Photosensitive films based on finely dispersed semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) in dielectric films have great potential for sensor applications. Here we report on preparation and characterization of photosensitive Si1-xGex NCs sandwiched between SiO2 matrix. A radio-frequency magnetron sputtering was applied to obtain a multilayer-structures (MLs) by depositing SiO2/SiGe/SiO2 films on Si (0 0 1) substrate. The Si1-xGex NCs were formed by a post-deposition annealing at 100-700 degrees C for 1-5 min. The effect of annealing temperature and time on MLs morphology and NCs size and density was studied using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and measurements of spectral distribution of photocurrent. It is demonstrated how the photoconductive properties of the MLs can be enhanced and tailored by controlling the NCs formation conditions and the presence of stress field in MLs and defects acting as traps and recombination centers. All these features can be adjusted/controlled by altering the annealing conditions (temperature and time). The MLs photosensitivity was increased of more than an order of magnitude by the annealing process. A mechanism, where a competition between crystallization process (NCs formation and evolution i.e. size and shapes) and stress field appearance determines the peak position in the photocurrent spectra, was identified.

In the present study we report on the activity, selectivity and stability of the bimodal mesoporous NiO/CeO2-delta-YSZ anodes for IT-SOFCs applications. These materials present high concentration of C3+ ions stably retained in the lattice, which proved to be efficient for the catalytic partial oxidation of CH4 to syngas in the temperature range 600-800 degrees C. The excellent carbon tolerance was proved by a comprehensive XPS analysis, which monitored the amount of carbon before and after catalytic partial oxidation of methane (CPOM) tests. The mesoporous anodes templated by hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and tripropylamine (TPA) were obtained using a hydrothermal synthesis route. The effect of Ni and Ce incorporation on the yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) structure, texture, morphology and surface chemistry was discussed and correlated with catalytic and electrochemical behavior. The exhaustive characterization of the bulk and surface properties of the catalysts have been accomplished by means of complementary methods: XRD, SEM / EDX / HR TEM, TGA / TPR, XPS. The electrochemical and catalytic performance were improved when the surface contains more reduced ceria and NiO was formed as secondary phase. These features lead to a large number of vacancies and consequently a better oxygen migration, which facilitate the carbon removal.

The work demonstrates growth by the Verneuil method of SrTiO3 single crystals of 30 mm in diameter. Experiments are performed under an industrial environment. Growth was for 4.75 h, i.e., within one production shift. The optimum growth conditions for which the length of the region with bubbles D is zero and the effective length EL (i.e., the crystal length of commercial value) is maximized are for the amount of SrCO3 additive of similar to 3 wt % and for H-2 outer flow rate of similar to 35 L/min. These two parameters show the strongest influence on the bubble-free growth, but other growth parameters (H-2 inner flow rate, O-2 flow rate increase, rotation speed) were also optimized. Selected crystals are characterized from the structural, microstructural, optical, and THz spectroscopy viewpoints, and they are compared with a commercial substrate and with crystals reported in the literature. This work opens the possibility for the industrial growth of large SrTiO3 single crystals and commercialization of large area substrates.

Temperature dependent interfacial coupling mechanisms in SRO/BFO/Fe layered structures were investigated. The BFO/Fe heterostructures were prepared by PLD and sputtering, respectively, on the STO(0 0 1) substrate with a 20 nm SRO buffer layer. An annealing treatment in external magnetic field was further applied. Complex characterizations with X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Mossbauer spectroscopy, magneto-optic Kerr effect and SQUID magnetometry were performed. Before annealing, the films show good crystallization and epitaxy of the SRO and BFO layers with smooth interfaces. Two coupling mechanisms of the ferromagnetic layers (top Fe and bottom SRO, respectively) to the epitaxial BFO film with mainly antiferromagnetic structure were evidenced in the as deposited samples at low temperatures. Negative exchange bias fields of up to 67(10) Oe and 37(5) Oe at low temperatures were observed for the two ferromagnetic components, respectively, depending on the thickness of the Fe layer. The field annealing treatments induce a specific morphology and magnetic spin structure at both interfaces of the BFO spacer layer, giving rise to a long range magnetostatic coupling between the two ferromagnetic films, in addition to the interfacial couplings. Moreover, the experimentally evidenced Fe clusters penetrating the BFO/Fe interface toward the BFO layer give support for this interaction. As an additional consequence, a considerable enhancement of both uniaxial and unidirectional anisotropies as well as an increased blocking temperature of exchange bias were obtained. The involved exchange coupling mechanisms were discussed in detail. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The present work proposes the simultaneous removal of these classes of pollutants by a catalytic hydrotreatment processes. For this purpose, bimetallic Pd-Cu catalysts (with mass ratio Pd:Cu of 4:1) supported on macroporous strong base anion resin were prepared by different methods. The catalysts were characterized (by XRD, SEMEDX, XPS, AAS and H-2 chemisorption) and tested in a continuous flow system. The selected catalyst preparation protocol consists in a two-step method, which implies the deposition of palladium by ion exchange and the subsequent deposition of copper by controlled reaction on the surface of the pre-reduced palladium. The effectiveness of the catalyst in the simultaneous reduction of nitrate and hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol was demonstrated. By adjusting the initial pH and the flow rate of the aqueous solution, nearly complete hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol can occur together with selective nitrate reduction at a conversion of 95% and a selectivity to N-2 of 92% (this value contains the contribution of all gaseous products, including the eventually formed NOx). The bimetallic catalyst was found to remains relatively stable after 100 h of test time.

The properties of ferroelectric materials, which were discovered almost a century ago(1), have led to a huge range of applications, such as digital information storage(2), pyroelectric energy conversion(3) and neuromorphic computing(4,5). Recently, it was shown that ferroelectrics can have negative capacitance(6-11), which could improve the energy efficiency of conventional electronics beyond fundamental limits(12-14). In Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire theory(15-17), this negative capacitance is directly related to the double-well shape of the ferroelectric polarization-energy landscape, which was thought for more than 70 years to be inaccessible to experiments(18). Here we report electrical measurements of the intrinsic double-well energy landscape in a thin layer of ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2. To achieve this, we integrated the ferroelectric into a heterostructure capacitor with a second dielectric layer to prevent immediate screening of polarization charges during switching. These results show that negative capacitance has its origin in the energy barrier in a double-well landscape. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ferroelectric negative capacitance can be fast and hysteresis-free, which is important for prospective applications(19). In addition, the Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 used in this work is currently the most industry-relevant ferroelectric material, because both HfO2 and ZrO2 thin films are already used in everyday electronics(20). This could lead to fast adoption of negative capacitance effects in future products with markedly improved energy efficiency.