National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

Multiple and complex functionalities are a demand nowadays for almost all materials, including common day-to-day materials such as paper, textiles, wood, etc. In the present report, the surface temperature control of different types of materials, including paper and textiles, was demonstrated by Joule heating of metallic-web transparent electrodes both by direct current and by RF induced eddy currents. Polymeric submicronic fiber webs were prepared by electrospinning, and metal sputtering was subsequently performed to transform them into flexible transparent electrodes. These electrodes were thermally attached to different substrates, including paper, textiles and glass. Using thermochromic inks, we demonstrated a high degree of control of the substrates' surface temperature by means of the Joule effect. Metallic fiber webs appear to be excellently suited for use as transparent electrodes for controlling the surface temperature of common materials, their highly flexible nature being a major advantage when dealing with rough, bendable substrates. This kind of result could not be achieved on bendable substrates with rough surfaces such as paper or textiles while employing classical transparent electrodes i.e. metal oxides. Moreover, contactless heating with induced currents is a premiere for transparent electrodes and opens up a score of new application fields.

High density bulks (97%-99%) of MgB2 were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) in nitrogen (N-2) atmosphere for different heating rates (10, 20 and 100 degrees C min(-1)) and compared with reference samples processed in vacuum and Ar. N-2 reacts with MgB2 and forms MgB9N along the MgB2 grain boundaries. The high-field critical current density is enhanced for the sample processed in N-2 with a heating rate of 100 degrees C min(-1). At 2-35 K, this sample shows the strongest contribution of the grain boundary pinning (GBP). All samples are in the point pinning (PP) limit and by increasing temperature the GBP contribution decreases.

The vortex activation energy U-AC in the AC magnetic response of superconductors exhibits a logarithmic variation with the screening current density J (regardless of the pinning structure details), and takes surprisingly high values in the vicinity of the DC irreversibility line, especially at low external DC magnetic fields, as often reported. This is essentially different from the behaviour of the vortex-creep activation energy at long relaxation time scales in DC magnetic measurements, and is not completely understood. We investigated the DC relaxation and the AC response for YBa2Cu3O7 films containing nanorods and nanoparticles, with the DC and AC fields oriented perpendicular to the film surface. It is shown that the large U-AC values in the vicinity of the DC irreversibility line, where the critical-state-related AC signal occurs, are generated by a non-diffusive vortex motion during the AC cycle, with the mean vortex hopping length longer than the average distance between the pinning centres. In these conditions, the smearing of the vortex pinning potential by thermally induced vortex fluctuations is weak, and U-AC mainly results from the strong influence of the pinning-enhanced viscous drag on the vortex hopping process. The logarithmic U-AC(J) dependence is consistent with a high U-AC.

This article reports the synthesis and characterization of several types of organic-inorganic nanocomposites based on epoxy resin/monoglycidylether-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) reinforced with 2, 5, or 10 wt% polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) bearing one glycidyl (1GE-POSS) or eight glycidyl(8GE-POSS) groups. The morphological features of the studied samples were established through atomic force microscopy, contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and it was demonstrated that 8GE-POSS is well dispersed within the polymer matrix, while 1GE-POSS exhibits a high tendency to form aggregates. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared resonance (FTIR) measurements are used to follow the curing behavior and to study the polymerization kinetics of epoxy groups. As evidenced by DSC and FTIR results, the inclusion of 8GE-POSS within the polymer matrix leads to a lower epoxy polymerization rate of the resulted nanocomposites than those reinforced with 1GE-POSS. The dynamic mechanical analysis results revealed that the thermomechanical properties are gradually improved with increasing of 8GE-POSS content due to the higher cross-linking density.

A finite element simulation of the mechanical static features for a modified short hip endoprosthesis was performed. The corkscrew-like femoral stem was modified introducing more turns of the thread. By such an approach it is expected that for some cases the mechanical fixation of the prosthesis to the bone will be improved or the use of the cement for bonding is not necessary. Our scenario was estimated for titanium and stainless steel, and both materials show good safety factors. Mechanical stress is expected to be distributed more uniform in the bone for the new design with more turns of thread.

A quantitative treatment of the effects of magnetic mutual interactions on the specific absorption rate of a superparamagnetic system of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with oleic acid is reported. The nanoparticle concentration of the considered ferrofluid samples varied from a very low (0.005) to a medium (0.16) value of the volume fraction, whereas the amplitude of the exciting AC magnetic field ranged from 14-35 kA m(-1). It was proved that a direct effect of the interparticle interactions resides in the regime of the modified superparamagnetism, dealing, besides the usual increase in the anisotropy energy barrier per nanoparticle, with the decrease in the specific time constant tau(0) of the relaxation law, usually considered as a material constant. Consequently, the increase in the specific absorption rate versus the volume fraction is significantly diminished in the presence of the interparticle interactions compared to the case of non-interacting superparamagnetic nanoparticles, with direct influence on the magnetic hyperthermia efficiency.

The source of collective magnetism in II-VI semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) doped with Mn2+ ions at high nominal impurity levels is still under debate. In the particular case of mesoporous, self-assembled cubic ZnS:Mn QDs, quantitative electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies have shown that the Mn2+ ions incorporated in the core and on the surface of the QDs cannot be responsible for the observed collective magnetism because they remain in a diluted paramagnetic state up to the 50 000 ppm nominal concentration. Here we investigate the composition, localization, structure, and magnetic properties of the aggregates of Mn2+ ions incorporated in the mesoporous cZnS:Mn as a possible source of the observed collective magnetism. Samples of mesoporous cubic ZnS:Mn prepared by coprecipitation at several nominal impurity levels from 200 to 50 000 ppm are investigated by EPR, magnetometry, and analytical high resolution (scanning) transmission electron microscopy. The low temperature magnetic properties of the Mn2+ aggregates change from paramagnetic-like, for samples with nominal impurity levels up to 2000 ppm, to ones specific to larger clusters with distributed antiferromagnetic coupling at higher concentrations, behaving superparamagnetically above a certain temperature. There is also strong evidence that the Mn2+ aggregates responsible for the observed low temperature collective magnetism are incorporated as an amorphous phase of mainly Mn-Zn-O composition, localized in the interstices and pores of the mesoporous structure of the cubic ZnS:Mn QDs.

Vortex activation energy U-AC in the critical-state related AC magnetic response of superconductors (appearing in the vicinity of the DC irreversibility line) takes large values, as often reported, which is not yet understood. This behavior is essentially different from that of the vortex-creep activation energy at long relaxation time scales, and may become important for AC applications of superconductors. To elucidate this aspect, we investigated the AC signal of almost decoupled [YBa2Cu3O7](n)/[PrBa2Cu3O7](4) superlattices (with n = 11 or 4 units cells) in perpendicular DC and AC magnetic fields. In these model samples, the length of the hopping vortex segment is fixed by the thickness of superconducting layers and vortices are disentangled, at least at low DC fields. It is shown that the high U-AC values result from the large contribution of the pinning enhanced viscous drag in the conditions of thermally activated, non-diffusive vortex motion at short time scales, where the influence of thermally induced vortex fluctuations on pinning is weak. (C) 2016 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Ex-situ spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used to obtain dense MgB2-based tapes in a Fe sheath with the starting composition (MgB2)(0.975) + (SiC)(0.025) + Te-0.01. Prior to the SPS procedure of tape formation, the samples were submitted to a series of cold working processes typical for the powder-in-tube technique. The tapes were compared with optimal doped bulk samples (having the same starting composition) and a pristine MgB2 tape. The morphology of the composite samples, the phase structure of both the core and the inner face of the metallic sheath shows the formation of a plethora of traces as a result of interaction between MgB2, additives, and the Fe sheath. Important critical parameters, like critical current density and the irreversibility field, show that there is a field and temperature range where the SiC and Te-added tapes display better critical parameters comparative to either pristine MgB2 tapes in the Fe sheath or SiC and Te doped MgB2 bulk samples.

The contamination from the air (the identification of the impurity phases and their thermal evolution) of Fe-14Cr-3W-0.4Ti-0.25Y(2)O(3) oxide dispersion-strengthened ferritic steel powders ball-milled for different times was evidenced by thermal analysis in correlation with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The powders loaded under an argon atmosphere and milled up to 170 h with and without interruption of the milling process were compared. A steady state of Fe-Cr alloying was reached within the first 12 h. The reflections corresponding to a new phase with an fcc-CrN structure were found in XRD patterns of powders milled for a long time with interruption. The differential thermal analysis of powders milled over 12 h with interruption shows an exothermic peak at 625.5-653 degrees C, ascribed to the coarsening of the fcc-CrN, and an endothermic reaction above 1000 degrees C accompanied by a mass loss in thermogravimetric analysis. (Cr,Fe)(2)O-3 and retained austenite were also found upon the heating of as-milled (with interruption) powders to different temperatures. The endothermic feature was associated with the decomposition of CrN accompanied by the degassing of N-2. The observed phenomenon was explained to be the manifestation of contamination with nitrogen and oxygen from the air during the milling; the rate of contamination with nitrogen was estimated to be 0.011 mass% h(-1). The contamination level depends on the degree of alloying at the moment of the interruption of milling process. The contamination of the powders milled without interruption of milling process was insignificant. The experimental conditions described in this work can be further developed for the removal of impurities (e.g. nitrogen, nitrides, oxides) from alloyed ferritic steel powders.