National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

This study deals with the behavior of molybdenum-vanadium (Mo/V) mixed oxides catalysts in both disproportionation and selective oxidation of toluene. Samples containing different Mo/V ratios were prepared by a modified method using tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and acetic acid. The catalysts were characterized using several techniques: nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (TPD-NH3), temperature-programmed reduction by hydrogen (H-2-TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopies (UV-VIS). The XRD results evidenced the presence of orthorhombic -MoO3 and V2O5 phases, as well as monoclinic -MoO3 and V2MoO8 phases, their abundance depending on the Mo to V ratio, while the TPD-NH3 emphasized that, the total amount of the acid sites diminished with the increase of the Mo loading. The TPR investigations indicated that the samples with higher Mo/V ratio possess a higher reducibility. The main findings of this study led to the conclusion that the presence of strong acid sites afforded a high conversion in toluene disproportionation (Mo/V = 1), while a higher reducibility is a prerequisite to accomplishing high conversion in toluene oxidation (Mo/V = 2). The catalyst with Mo/V = 1 acquires the best yield to xylenes from the toluene disproportionation reaction, while the catalyst with Mo/V = 0.33 presents the highest yield to benzaldehyde.

In the present study we report on the activity, selectivity and stability of the bimodal mesoporous NiO/CeO2-delta-YSZ anodes for IT-SOFCs applications. These materials present high concentration of C3+ ions stably retained in the lattice, which proved to be efficient for the catalytic partial oxidation of CH4 to syngas in the temperature range 600-800 degrees C. The excellent carbon tolerance was proved by a comprehensive XPS analysis, which monitored the amount of carbon before and after catalytic partial oxidation of methane (CPOM) tests. The mesoporous anodes templated by hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and tripropylamine (TPA) were obtained using a hydrothermal synthesis route. The effect of Ni and Ce incorporation on the yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) structure, texture, morphology and surface chemistry was discussed and correlated with catalytic and electrochemical behavior. The exhaustive characterization of the bulk and surface properties of the catalysts have been accomplished by means of complementary methods: XRD, SEM / EDX / HR TEM, TGA / TPR, XPS. The electrochemical and catalytic performance were improved when the surface contains more reduced ceria and NiO was formed as secondary phase. These features lead to a large number of vacancies and consequently a better oxygen migration, which facilitate the carbon removal.

Spirobifluorene-based porous organic polymers (POP) were synthesized following two different protocols; the acetylenic coupling reaction conditions and the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. These were utilized as support for the hydrogenation of a series of species containing unsaturated C=C and C=O bonds (4-nitrostyrene, 4-bromobenzophenone, acetophenone, 7-nitro-1-tetralone and 1,2-naphtoquinone confirmed their efficiency). POP1 prepared via a copper-catalysis protocol was completely inactive, while POP2-4 containing residual Pd exhibited different activities in accordance to the accessibility of the substrates to the metal. Further deposition of 0.5wt% Pd led to active and stable catalysts. They were easily separated by filtration, and after re-dispersion, afforded the same performances for ten successive cycles. This study also evidenced the specific role of the support in these reactions by comparing the behavior of Pd/POP with that of a Pd/C catalyst with the same loading of palladium. The deposition of Pt on these supports led to sub-nanometric particles and, in accordance, to a different catalytic behavior reflected merely by differences in the selectivity.

In the recent years, there is an extensive effort concentrated towards the development of nanoparticles with near-infrared emission within the so called second or third biological windows induced by excitation outside 800-1000 nm range corresponding to the traditional Nd (800 nm) and Yb (980 nm) sensitizers. Here, we present a first report on the near-infrared (900-1700 nm) emission of significant member of cubic sesquioxides, Er-Lu2O3 nanoparticles, measured under both near-infrared up-conversion and low energy X-ray excitations. The nanoparticle compositions are optimized by varying Er concentration and Li addition. It is found that, under ca. 1500 nm up-conversion excitation, the emission is almost monochromatic (>93%) and centered at 980 nm while over 80% of the X-ray induced emission is concentrated around 1500 nm. The mechanisms responsible for the up-conversion emission of Er - Lu2O3 are identified by help of the up-conversion emission and excitation spectra as well as emission decays considering multiple excitation/emission transitions across visible to near-infrared ranges. Comparison between the emission properties of Er-Lu2O3 and Er-Y2O3 induced by optical and X-ray excitation is also presented. Our results suggest that the further optimized Er-doped cubic sesquioxides represent promising candidates for bioimaging and photovoltaic applications.

To avoid the deleterious effects of dopant segregation, synthesis methods that facilitate a homogenous dopant distribution in the ceria lattice were employed. Though doping ceria by wet impregnation was also credited to induce a homogeneous solid solution even in the heavy regime (concentration >= 20%, A. Corma, P. Atienzar, H. Garcia and J. Chane-Ching, Nat. Mater., 2004, 3, 394-397), no follow up investigation has been reported. Herein, we investigated ceria nanoparticles (1% Tm-CeO2 and 1% Eu-CeO2) wetimpregnated with trivalent rare-earth (Yb, 20%), bivalent (Ca, 20%) and isovalent (Zr, 30%) metals, followed by annealing in air. Homogeneity of the solid solutions of Yb-impregnated ceria was confirmed by a two-feature characterization toolbox that included X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, as well as up-conversion emission as a probe tool. Since the up-conversion emission of Tm was not detectable in the absence of Yb while its efficiency depends on the average distance between Yb and Tm ions, the Yb incorporation and its migration from the surface to the lattice bulk sites in wet-impregnated ceria can be "visualized" and compared with that of the Yb bulk-doped counterpart. The use of Eu luminescence as a local probe confirmed the homogeneity of solid solutions of Ca and Zr-impregnated ceria and also sustained the opposite roles of Ca and Zr as the repeller and the scavenger of oxygen vacancies, respectively. All these results suggested that heavy doping of ceria by wet impregnation with metals with +2, +3 and +4 valencies represent a facile alternative to conventional doping approaches. Therefore, the effects of the amount and the type of metal dopant on the structural properties of CeO2 could be investigated in a more systematic and probably a more reproducible manner, which would significantly increase the potential of ceria in catalysis and other applications.

During conflict situations, the combat staff is exposed to a wide variety of aggressions, such as temperature and pressure variations and dynamic impacts (from ammunition or fragments). Textiles used in the manufacture of the military uniforms and devices have always played an important role in defending the military against these hazards, and an adequate level of individual protection equipment is required. In this respect, novel fibre-reinforced polymer composite materials for military application, such as reducing blunt trauma for ballistic protection equipment, have been studied in terms of thermal and mechanical properties and ballistic protection, obtaining very good results.

This work investigates the catalytic properties toward sulfide oxidation in wastewater for three composites which are functional materials obtained from red mud waste following its neutralization, chemical activation and functionalization of the iron by treatment with disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, trisodium citrate or a combination of these two organic ligands. X-ray diffraction and diffuse reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy characterizations indicated the coexistence of the corresponding iron chelates phases along with hematite the main crystallographic phase from red mud. The most active catalyst was the red mud-derived material obtained by functionalization with the mixture of ethylenediaminetetraacetate and citrate ligands. The results obtained after its testing in multiple reaction cycles showed that the decrease in conversion after 10 reaction cycles was less than 5%. Considering the results of diffuse reflectance ultraviolet visible narrow infrared spectroscopical analysis which revealed that this solid contains species with lower bond strength, it has been inferred that both the higher catalytic activity, as well as the enhanced stability, is directly related to the versatility of the active species.

Ceria materials doped by Gd and/or Pr were prepared by a precipitation route and calcined in air at 500 and 900 degrees C. The effects of doping and thermal treatment on the materials' surfaces were studied by X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies. The redox properties were investigated using temperature-programmed reduction experiments in H-2 and CH4 followed by temperature-programmed oxidation in O-2. The catalytic properties of these materials in CH4/H2O reaction in the absence/presence of H2S were evaluated at 750 degrees C in a large excess of CH4 with respect to H2O. The materials were classified by order of reactivity as follows: CPO > CGPO > CeO2 > CGO, which can be primarily related to the surface area variation. Comparing the activity per m(2) of various samples indicates that the catalytic activity is correlated with the Ce3+ concentration at the surface as measured by XPS. Gd-doped and undoped samples exhibit the highest surface Ce3+ concentration as well as the highest activity in SMR per m(2), while Pr-doped samples are the least active (activity per m(2)) with the lowest surface Ce3+ concentrations. H2S has a sharp promoting effect on the catalytic behavior of ceria-based materials, improving the production of H-2 by almost one order of magnitude.