National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

A series of niobium-modified aluminum hydroxide fluorides (denoted Nb@AIF(3)), prepared via a fluorolytic sol gel synthesis was investigated for the catalytic one-pot conversion of cellulose to lactic acid. The structure of the new acid catalysts is the result of the dispersion of niobium fluoride in an aluminum hydroxide fluoride matrix. The calcination of the catalysts at a relatively low temperature (350 degrees C) stabilized this structure. Catalytic performances in terms of lactic acid yields are directly correlated with the niobium content.

This work is focusing on generation, time evolution, and impact on the electrical performance of silicon diodes impaired by radiation induced active defects. n-type silicon diodes had been irradiated with electrons ranging from 1.5 MeV to 27 MeV. It is shown that the formation of small clusters starts already after irradiation with high fluence of 1.5 MeV electrons. An increase of the introduction rates of both point defects and small clusters with increasing energy is seen, showing saturation for electron energies above similar to 15 MeV. The changes in the leakage current at low irradiation fluence-values proved to be determined by the change in the configuration of the tri-vacancy (V-3). Similar to V-3, other cluster related defects are showing bistability indicating that they might be associated with larger vacancy clusters. The change of the space charge density with irradiation and with annealing time after irradiation is fully described by accounting for the radiation induced trapping centers. High resolution electron microscopy investigations correlated with the annealing experiments revealed changes in the spatial structure of the defects. Furthermore, it is shown that while the generation of point defects is well described by the classical Non Ionizing Energy Loss (NIEL), the formation of small defect clusters is better described by the "effective NIEL" using results from molecular dynamics simulations. (C) 2015 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

Atomic intermixing processes in relation to structural aspects and phase formation in Be based thin films subjected to different annealing treatments simulating the case of re-deposited layered structures on plasma facing components in nuclear fusion devices are reported. Accordingly, bilayers of Be/W and Be/C have been deposited on Si(001) substrates with Fe buffer layers. The Fe films have been prepared by radiofrequency sputtering and further processed by annealing in hydrogen atmosphere at 300 degrees C, for 90 min, at a pressure of 10 bars of H-2. After the Be/W and Be/C bilayer deposition by means of thermionic vacuum arc method, annealing in vacuum at 600 degrees C, for 10 min has been applied to the complex structures. The influence of annealing on the phase composition and atomic intermixing processes in the complex structures has been studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy (CEMS). The layered structures present an oxidation gradient with oxide phases in the uppermost layers and non-oxidized phases in the lower layers, as observed from the XPS data. The CEMS results revealed that the as-deposited structures contain a main metallic Fe phase and secondary superparamagnetic Fe oxide phases at the Fe/Be interface, while annealed samples present a large contribution of Fe-Be and Fe-C mixtures. The annealing treatment induces considerable atomic interdiffusion, strongly dependent on the nature of the upper layer. In the case of Be/W system, the annealing provides a much rougher Be/W interface, while in case of the Be/C structure, the annealing treatment only homogenize the structure over the whole depth. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We report on thin film deposition by matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation of simple hydroxyapatite (HA) or silver (Ag) doped HA combined with the natural biopolymer organosolv lignin (Lig) (Ag:HA-Lig). Solid cryogenic target of aqueous dispersions of Ag:HA-Lig composite and its counterpart without silver (HA-Lig) were prepared for evaporation using a KrF* excimer laser source. The expulsed material was assembled onto TiO2/Ti substrata or silicon wafers and subjected to physical-chemical investigations. Smooth, uniform films adherent to substratum were observed. The chemical analyses confirmed the presence of the HA components, but also evidenced traces of Ag and Lig. Deposited HA was Ca deficient, which is indicative of a film with increased solubility. Recorded X-ray Diffraction patterns were characteristic for amorphous films. Lig presence in thin films was undoubtedly proved by both X-ray Photoelectron and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy analyses. The microbiological evaluation showed that the newly assembled surfaces exhibited an inhibitory activity both on the initial steps of biofilm forming, and on mature bacterial and fungal biofilm development. The intensity of the antibiofilm activity was positively influenced by the presence of the Lig and/or Ag, in the case of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida famata biofilms. The obtained surfaces exhibited a low cytotoxicity toward human mesenchymal stem cells, being therefore promising candidates for fabricating implantable biomaterials with increased biocompatibility and resistance to microbial colonization and further biofilm development.

Photoelectron spectroscopy studies of (001) oriented PbTi0.8Zr0.2O3 (PZT) single crystal layers with submicron resolution revealed areas with different Pb 5d binding energies, attributed to the different charge and polarization states of the film surface. Two novel effects are evidenced by using intense synchrotron radiation beam experiments: (i) the progressive increase of a low binding energy component for the Pb core levels (evidenced for both 5d and 4f, on two different measurement setups), which can be attributed to a partial decomposition of the PZT film at its surface and promoting the growth of metallic Pb during the photoemission process, with the eventuality of the progressive formation of areas with downwards ferroelectric polarization; (ii) for films annealed in oxygen under clean conditions (in an ultrahigh vacuum installation) a huge shift of the Pb 5d core levels (by 8-9 eV) towards higher binding energies is attributed to the formation of areas with depleted mobile charge carriers, whose surface density is insufficient to screen the depolarization field. This shift is attenuated progressively with time, as the sample is irradiated with high flux soft X-rays. The formation of these areas with strong internal electric field promotes these films as good candidates for photocatalysis and solar cells, since in the operation of these devices the ability to perform charge separation and to avoid electron-hole recombination is crucial.

TiO2 deposition by sputtering or sol-gel techniques was applied onto less thermal stable polyester textiles and onto a related poly(lactic acid) material. The temperature of deposition and of the further treatment was low enough as allowed by the support nature. Structural and spectroscopic characterization of the raw and coated samples has been performed. TiO2 coated particles are amorphous as indicated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Sputtered layers consist in aggregates randomly distributed on the substrate while the sol gel layers show a uniform coverage of nanoparticles having a mosaic-like structure. The morphology of the sputtered layers depends on the deposition pressure as well. The loading degree estimated on the basis of the thermogravimetric data is rather low (ca. 2%), but the fabric properties are much influenced by the deposition. Photocatalytic activity also present on the coated surfaces was evaluated in the methylene blue degradation. TiO2 layer is quite adherent as checked by an ultra-sonication method.

The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect is explained using the interaction of a polarized molecule with its instantaneous image dipole in a metal surface. This model explains why SERS is obtained mostly on noble metals (Au, Ag), since these metals usually have lower inherent contamination as compared with other more reactive metals; thus, molecules may be found closer to the metal surface. It is shown how stronger SERS amplifications may be obtained using nanostructured surfaces, once the excited molecules are localized in concave sites. The dependence on the fourth power of the incoming radiation electric field is obtained by taking into account the dynamics of adsorption-desorption processes of molecules. The SERS effect is maximal when the excitation frequency is red-shifted with respect to the bulk plasmon resonance. Also, the SERS amplification factor may be dictated by the polarizability of the investigated molecule, alpha, in a much more critical way than just a power law alpha(2) or even alpha(4). By comparing the dipole induced charge density with the amplitudes of plasma waves, the domain of validity of the present theory is derived to be in the low separation regime, where the distance between molecules and metal substrates is below a few nanometres. Some data from the literature are analyzed in the framework of this model, namely the distance, frequency and temperature dependence of the SERS signal, all confirming the validity of the model.

The goal of this study was the preparation, physicochemical characterization, and microbiological evaluation of novel hydroxyapatite doped with silver/polydimethylsiloxane (Ag:HAp-PDMS) composite layers. In the first stage, the deposition of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer layer on commercially pure Si disks has been produced in atmospheric pressure corona discharges. Finally, the new silver doped hydroxyapatite/polydimethylsiloxane composite layer has been obtained by the thermal evaporation technique. The Ag: HAp-PDMS composite layers were characterized by various techniques, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GDOES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The antimicrobial activity of the Ag:HAp-PDMS composite layer was assessed against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (ATCC-American Type Culture Collection) by culture based and confirmed by SEM and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) methods. This is the first study reporting the antimicrobial effect of the Ag: HAp-PDMS composite layer, which proved to be active against Candida albicans biofilm embedded cells.

Well-dispersed Pt-Cu nanoparticles with two average sizes were synthesized: small (approximate to 1.6 nm) and large (approximate to 4.8 nm), respectively. The effects of size and support on the catalytic behavior of the nanoparticles for denitration reaction were analyzed. Both the unsupported and alumina-supported nanoparticles of smaller average size (1.6 nm) were very active, completely converting NO3- and NO2- (an intermediate reaction product) to N-2 and NH4+. They were also more selective of N-2 compared to the larger particles. The effects of particle size and alumina support on the denitration rate constants were analyzed in detail. The kinetic investigation indicates that the catalytic behavior is strongly related to the size of Pt-Cu nanoparticles as well as to the metal-support interaction. Generally, the larger nanoparticles proved to be less active, but on the other hand, they are less influenced by the support than the smaller ones. The metal-support interaction for bimetallic nanoparticles with smaller average size proved to be a key factor both for nitrate and nitrite reduction. Consideration of the reaction mechanism is made in light of the experimental results.

Rutile-TiO2/hybrid halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3-xClx interfaces are investigated by ab initio density functional theory calculations. The role of chlorine in achieving enhanced solar cell power conversion efficiencies is in the focus of recent studies, which point to increased carrier mobilities, reduced recombination rates, a driven morphology evolution of the perovskite layer and improved carrier transport across the interface. As it was recently established that chlorine is preferentially localized in the vicinity of the interface and not in the bulk of the perovskite layer, we analyze the changes introduced in the electronic properties by varying the chlorine concentration near the interface. In particular, we discuss the effects introduced in the electronic band structure and show the role of chlorine in the enhanced electron injection into the rutile-TiO2 layer. Taking into account these implications, we discuss the conditions for optimizing the solar cell efficiency in terms of interfacial chlorine concentration.