National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

The iron oxide nanoparticles and iron oxide nanoparticles coated with dextrin have been synthesized using aqueous solution of ferric and ferrous ions and mixtures of dextrin with sodium salt. The size of the iron-oxide nanoparticles is controlled by the concentration of sodium salt in the medium. An average size of iron oxide and iron oxide coated with dextrin was found by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The iron oxide nanoparticles are nearly spherical with an average diameter of about 8.0 +/- 1 nm. The iron oxide nanoparticles coated with dextrin appear as cluster-like aggregates. The average diameter of these nanoparticles is about 5.1 nm. The attachment of the dextrin on the particle surface was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA).

We model a small quantum dot with a magnetic impurity by the Anderson Hamiltonian with a supplementary exchange interaction term. The transport calculations are performed by means of the Green functions within the equation of motion scheme, in which two decoupling procedures are proposed, for high and low temperatures, respectively. The paper focuses on the charge fluctuations for such a system, an aspect not addressed before, as well as on the Kondo resonance. We show a specific role of the excited state, which can be observed in transport and in spin-spin correlations. Our studies show a many-body feature of the phase shift of transmitted electrons, which is manifested in a specific dip. In the Kondo regime, our calculations complement existing theoretical results. The system shows three Kondo peaks in the density of states: one at the Fermi energy and two side peaks, at a distance corresponding to the singlet-triplet level spacing. The existence of the central peak is conditioned by a degenerate state (the triplet) below the Fermi energy.

Two new hetero tri-nuclear oxalates (NH4)(8)[Fe2CO(C2O4)(8)]-6H(2)O and [Fe2Co(C2O4)(2)(OH)(4)]center dot 2H(2)O have been synthesized. The compound presented opposite behaviour in ac-susceptibility measurements, different frustration level and spin-orbit coupling in magnetization ones. The Mossbauer approach pointed to local interactions governed by metal-oxalate strongly coupled unit. The data were interpreted in terms of role of positive (NH4) or negative (OH) bridging ligands on general magnetic properties. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.

We intend to prepare periodic multilayered structures for photonic applications. With this goal we have performed a study of some characteristics of SiO (x) -P2O5 films deposited by the sol-gel method on glass and ITO (InSnO (x) )-coated glass. The as prepared films were annealed to different temperatures (150 and 200 degrees C). The chemical composition of the samples was determined by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS results revealed the presence of P in the as-deposited films. The structural an optical properties were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Spectroellipsometry (SE) and UV Transmission Spectroscopy. IR spectra of the deposited films attest the interaction of an amorphous SiO2 with the H3PO4 used as a P-precursor. Refractive indices for individual SiO (x) -P2O5 determined from SE measurements show a densification of the layer structure with the increasing temperature in the thermal treatment. The UV transmission spectra revealed a lower transmission for the sol-gel SiO (x) -P2O5 films as compared to ITO/glass substrate. AFM images proved the densification of the films with annealing in agreement with the ellipsometric results.

The formation of the electron trapped Fe+(IV) centre, produced by X-ray irradiation at 80 K and further annealing at temperatures of up to 700 K in chlorinated SrCl2: Fe crystals, has been investigated by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Our studies report the transformation of the monoclinic Fe+(III) centre into the axial Fe+(IV) centre above 450 K. The formation of the Fe+(IV) centre is attributed to the presence and thermally activated movement of neighbouring interstitial chlorine and alkali impurity Ne ions. (c) 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

The xZnO-(1-x)alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles system has been obtained by mechanochemical activation for x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 and for ball milling times ranging from 2 to 24 h. Structural and morphological characteristics of the zinc-doped hematite system were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The Rietveld structure of the XRD spectra yielded the dependence of the particle size and lattice constant on the amount x of Zn substitutions and as function of the ball milling time. The x = 0.1 XRD spectra are consistent with line broadening as Zn substitutes Fe in the hematite structure and the appearance of the zinc ferrite phase at milling times longer than 4 h. Similar results were obtained for x = 0.3, while for x = 0.5 the zinc ferrite phase occurred at 2 h and entirely dominated the spectrum at 24 h milling time. The Mossbauer spectra corresponding to x = 0.1 exhibit line broadening as the ball milling time increases, in agreement with the model of local atomic environment. Because of this reason, the Mossbauer spectrum for 12 h of milling had to be fitted with two sextets. For x = 0.3 and 12 milling hours, the Mossbauer spectrum reveals the occurrence of a quadrupole-split doublet, with the hyperfine parameters characteristic to zinc ferrite, ZnFe2O4. This doublet clearly dominates the Mossbauer spectrum for x = 0.5 and 24 h of milling, demonstrating that the entire system of nanoparticles consists finally of zinc ferrite. As ZnO is not soluble in hematite in the bulk form, the present study clearly demonstrates that the solubility limits of an immiscible system can be extended beyond the limits in the solid state by mechanochemical activation. Moreover, this synthesis route allowed us to reach nanometric particle dimensions, which would make the materials very important for gas sensing applications. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Using an acetate-alkoxide sol-gel route in which the precursors are barium acetate, yttriurn isopropoxide and titanium diisopropoxide bis-acetylacetonate, we prepared a ferroelectric material with the formula: Ba1-xYxTiO3, x = 0.005. SEM analysis showed a polymeric microstructure of the gel due to the chelated titanium alkoxide precursor used as starting materials. The evolution of the structure and microstructure of the precursor gel heated at temperatures up to 1000 degrees C was studied by various techniques. The powder obtained by heating the gel at 1100 degrees C presented a homogeneous structure consisting of submicronic particles (similar to 200 mm). XRD and SAED analyses revealed that Ba0.995Y0.005TiO3 nanocrystals of about 5-10 rim appeared at 600 degrees C, together with BaCO3. The presence of barium carbonate was identified also by IR spectroscopy and thermal analyses. The ceramics obtained from the as-prepared powder presented good dielectric properties (capacitance = 840 pF/dielectric constant = 3860 and dielectric loss (tan delta) 0.078 at Curie temperatures of 120-121 degrees C).

Samples of R2Fe14Si2 (R = Y, Nd, Dy and Er) solid solutions were prepared by arc melting and exposed to hydrogenation. Characterization of hydrogenation effects was done using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Rietveld refining of the XRD spectra showed that both lattice parameters a and c increased after hydrogenation, with the exception of Er2Fe14Si2, for which they decreased slightly. The values of the magnetic hyperfine fields corresponding to the four inequivalent lattice sites were found to increase after hydrogenation in all offstoichiometric compounds investigated. Changes in the relative site occupancies were observed. Our study is the first to evidence hydrogenation effects on the hyperfine magnetic fields in intermetallics. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Six practical composite wires of Nb3Sn (Furukawa Electric Co, Ltd) with different architectures ( design and reinforcement) were compared from the normal state resistance R, critical temperatures T-c(onset), T-c(offset) and Delta T-c, upper critical field B-c2 ( at 4.2 K) and critical current density J(c) points of view. Wires were as follows: three of near-the-edge reinforcement design with Nb reinforcement of 0, 21, 50 vol% in the CuNb region, and two of central reinforcement design with Nb of 21 and 50 vol%. One wire with near the edge 50% vol Nb reinforcement had a different reinforcement/superconductor ratio. As-reacted wires show very different patterns of R, T-c(onset), T-c(offset), Delta T-c, B-c2 and J(c). For the superconducting parameters this is probably due to different 3D thermal residual strains. Data suggest that the architecture of the as-reacted wire can control residual strain values and distribution. During multiple bending of the wires at room temperature ( named pre-bending), introduction of the reinforcement improves relaxation of the 3D residual strain and especially of the lateral components. As a consequence, B-c2 and J(c) versus pre-bending strain, epsilon(pb), are enhanced to values closer to those of the Nb3Sn in the stress-free state. Relative enhancement of these critical parameters for the reinforced wires is higher than for the reinforcement-free wire. Evolution during pre-bending and maximum attained absolute values of the superconducting parameters can be grouped roughly as a function of near-the-edge or central reinforcement design. Variation of the superconducting parameters suggests that the pre-bent state may depend on the as-reacted one ( which is a function of wire architecture and processing history); when J(c) was low as in the case of as-reacted wires with central reinforcement, during pre-bending, despite a relatively high J(c) enhancement, this parameter attained lower absolute maximum values than for the other wires. Depending on the wire, when pre-bending strain epsilon(pb) = 0.8 - 1%, the enhancement of non-Cu J(c) at 4.2 K in the pre-bent wire is by up to 43.5% at 15 T compared to the as-reacted case. The maximum absolute value of J(c) is obtained for the near-the-edge reinforcement pre-bent wires with 21 and 50% vol Nb. B-c2 of these wires was lower than for the other reinforced wires and higher than for the reinforcement-free wire. Pre-bent wires with near-the-edge reinforcement are identified as new and promising candidates for fabrication of react-and-wind coils with improved performance.

We describe an experiment of inducing structural and oxygenation changes in small volumes of a thick YBa2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) film by subjecting the film to a focused Ar laser beam used as the pump source for a depth profiling Raman scattering system. The laser-induced changes were evidenced by high spectral and spatial resolution Raman spectra taken at different depths of the film, before and after the films' exposure. The irradiation and the measurement were done at room temperature in a regular air environment.