Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with high mortality and increasing incidence. Sorafenib, a cornerstone of therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, presents certain disadvantages, including low bioavailability and poor water solubility. This work describes a new strategy for sorafenib-targeted delivery aimed at improving treatment efficiency and reducing side effects. Methods: Magnetic nanoparticles coated with azelaic acid were modified with aptamer molecules that specifically recognize human liver cancer cell line HepG2, ensuring specificity for the tumor tissue. The nanoparticles were further loaded with sorafenib. The obtained drug delivery system was extensively characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results: The drug delivery system demonstrated a higher release of sorafenib at acidic pH compared to pH 7.4. The cell internalization of the bare and aptamer-modified magnetic nanoparticles was assessed in HepG2 and human normal foreskin fibroblasts BJ cell lines, demonstrating that the aptamer significantly enhances internalization in tumor cells, while having no impact on healthy cells. Conclusions: The sorafenib-modified nanoparticles exhibited excellent cytocompatibility with BJ cells across all tested concentrations, while showing cytotoxicity towards HepG2 cells at higher concentrations, confirming the selectivity of the system.

The morpho-structural and defect properties of SnO2 nanoparticles, obtained by hydrothermal synthesis at 120 degrees C, 140 degrees C and 160 degrees C, using a SnCl2 precursor, were comparatively investigated and correlated with their NO2 sensing performance for in-field conditions. The constructive contributions of the nanoparticle size, faceting and oxygen vacancy concentrations had a positive effect on the sensor performances for the two samples synthesized at lower temperatures. These samples had almost similar, smaller size and the proportion of the more active, higher-index facets over the {110} facets was significantly larger than for the sample prepared at 160 degrees C. The concentration of paramagnetic defects, associated to complexes of oxygen vacancies in the (101) planes at the SnO2 surface, increased with the synthesis temperature decrease. A sensor signal of 74 for the NO2 detection limit of 3 ppm, at the operating temperature of 100 degrees C, under dynamic air flow with in-field-like relative humidity of 50 %, was obtained for the sample grown at 120 degrees C. The sensor signal was about four times higher compared to the 140 degrees C sample with similar size and morphology and about nine times higher than in the case of the 160 degrees C sample. In addition to its high NO2 sensitivity, the 120 degrees C sample had a low sensor response for potential interfering gases as CH4 and CO2 and was relatively stable over a period of 20 months. Our results evidence the direct correlation between the sensing properties and the surface oxygen vacancy complexes and highlight the importance of an in-depth atomic-level investigation approach for the controlled synthesis of an application-oriented material.

The ca. 480 Ma Albesti granite (Southern Carpathians, Romania) is characterized by the presence of color zoned blue quartz grains, and is part of the rather extensive European Cambro-Ordovician blue quartz landscape. The color is heat sensitive, fading at temperatures as low as 300degree celsius, inconsistent with the thermally stable, light scattering, nanometric rutile/ilmenite inclusions cited in literature. Extensive X- and Q-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) investigations were carried out, searching for distinctive features of the Albesti quartz that are directly or indirectly involved in the generation of the blue coloration. The analyzed quartz grains were extracted from three granite samples of varying coloration and anisotropy, and the quartz from each rock sample was further separated into colored and colorless fractions. The paramagnetic E' and [AlO4]0 centers, as well as Mn2+ ions localized in traces of amorphous associated minerals at grain boundaries or fissure planes, were observed in all quartz samples. Broad EPR lines associated with the presence of magnetic clusters were observed in the spectra of the white quartz sample and the corresponding colorless one. Isochronal annealing up to 500degree celsius induced the correlated recombination of the E' and [AlO4]0 centers, the strong decrease of the Mn2+ spectrum and the formation of a minority iron oxide phase at the grain boundaries and/or fissure planes. The EPR signature was similar for the colored and the corresponding colorless quartz samples, before and after annealing, showing that the heat sensitive coloration of the Albesti quartz does not directly involve the presence of paramagnetic defects and/or minority magnetic phases.

Because of the unique properties of the ferroelectric perovskite particles with a well-defined anisotropic form like shape-and size dependent at low dimensions they have all the attention of the scientific world. Extensive morphostructural techniques will be used to characterize the piezoelectric material.