National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

Sodium hexatitanate (Na2Ti6O13) nanoparticles have been synthesized by the hydrothermal method with microwave and conven-tional heating, after which their photocatalytic properties toward an azo dye pollutant degradation have been investigated. Insights into the dynamics and reactivity of the species involved in the photocatalytic mechanism of the (Na2Ti6O13) samples were precisely investigated, for the first time, by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy under different experimental conditions. X-ray diffraction structural analysis revealed that all samples crystallized in a monoclinic C2/m structure, with different short-range structural order according to the employed heating, as indicated by Raman. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results revealed the formation of rod-and fiber-like nanoparticles with different diameters and lengths. EPR measurements indicated the presence of different Ti3+ point defects and F centers in the samples. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis proved the presence of oxygen-related defects, but no Ti3+ was detected on the surface. Spin trapping experiments monitored the generation of hydroxyl (OH center dot) radicals over UV-irradiation time. Various parameters contribute to the photocatalytic activity of the samples; however, the type of defect and particle morphology appeared as key factors for enhanced efficiency. Our study provides significant information about paramagnetic defects in Na2Ti6O13 materials and their role in photocatalysis to design other Ti-based photocatalysts.

Nonmagnetic chiral crystals are a new class of systems hosting Kramers-Weyl Fermions, arising from the combination of structural chirality, spin- orbit coupling (SOC), and time-reversal symmetry. These materials exhibit nontrivial Fermi surfaces with SOC-induced Chern gaps over a wide energy range, leading to exotic transport and optical properties. In this study, we investigate the electronic structure and transport properties of CdAs2, a newly reported chiral material. We use synchrotron-based angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) and density functional theory (DFT) to determine the Fermiology of the (110)-terminated CdAs2 crystal. Our results, together with complementary magnetotransport measurements, suggest that CdAs2 is a promising candidate for novel topological properties protected by the structural chirality of the system. Our work sheds light on the details of the Fermi surface and topology for this chiral quantum material, providing useful information for engineering novel spintronic and optical devices based on quantized chiral charges, negative longitudinal magnetoresistance, and nontrivial Chern numbers.

The development of new thin-film cathodes triggered a recent research interest in energy storage applications. Over the past years, vanadium oxides have been extensively explored as promising electrodes for batteries owing to their rich valence states and remarkable electrochemical properties. Herein, we report on the synthe-sis of undoped and Sn doped V2O3 thin-films on graphene (G)/Al foil by pulsed laser deposition followed by rapid thermal annealing in N2 at low temperature (similar to 430 degrees C). The obtaining V2O3 phase on graphene/Al foil (G/Al) has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. The synthesized vanadium oxide films were tested as cathodes in coin cells. The electrochemical properties have been systematically investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) measurements. A superior electrochemical performance was observed for the V2O3 on G/Al structures, with an initial capacity of around 300 mAh g-1, with respect to the bare G/Al electrode. The use of the Sn-doped (5 mol%) V2O3 thin-films improved slightly the initial capac-ity up to a value of ca. 311 mAh g-1. Both V2O3/G/Al and Sn-doped V2O3/G/Al exhibited excellent cycling performances after 40 cycles with a capacity maintenance at a C-rate C/20 of 317 mAh g-1. Long-term cycling test (up to 200 cycles) showed that the Sn doping could be an excellent strategy to improve the stability of the electrodes, which yielded a capacity loss of only 0.128% per cycle. Possible mechanisms are presented and dis-cussed. This work could serve as point of reference for future developments in the field of batteries employing vanadium oxide-based thin-films deposited by physical vapor deposition techniques.

In the quest for novel rare earth (RE)-free magnetic materials, which also exhibit other additional properties such as good corrosion resistance and potential to operate at higher temperatures, an alloy deriving from the binary FePt system, with Mo and B addition, has been synthesized for the first time, using the out-of-equilibrium method of rapid solidification form the melt. The alloy with the composition Fe49Pt26Mo2B23 has been subjected to thermal analysis through differential scanning calorimetry in order to detect the structural disorder - order phase transformation as well as to study the crystallization processes. For the stabilization of the formed hard magnetic phase, the sample has been annealed at 600 degrees C and further structurally and magnetically characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fe-57 Mossbauer spectrometry as well as magnetometry experiments. It has been proven that after annealing at 600 degrees C the tetragonal hard magnetic L1(0) phase emerges via crystallization from a disordered cubic precursor and becomes the predominant phase in terms of relative abundance. Moreover, it has been revealed by quantitative analysis via Mossbauer spectroscopy that the annealed sample exhibits a complex phase structure, where the L1(0) hard magnetic phase is accompanied by few other soft magnetic phases, in minority abundance: the cubic A1, orthorhombic Fe2B and residual intergranular region. The magnetic parameters have been derived from 300 K hysteresis loops. It was shown that, contrary to the as-cast sample which behaves as a typical soft magnet, the annealed sample presents strong coercivity and high remanent magnetization, accompanied by a large saturation magnetization. These findings offers good insight into the potential developing of novel class of RE-free permanent magnets, based on Fe-Pt-Mo-B, where the magnetic performance emerges from the co-existence of hard and soft magnetic phases in controlled and tunable proportions, capable of finding good applicability in fields requiring good catalytic properties and strong corrosion resistance.

Transparent conductive electrodes (TCE) obtained by the electrospinning method and gold covered were used as cathodes in the organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) to create double side-emission. The electro-active nanofibers of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with diameters in the range of several hundreds of nanometers, were prepared through the electrospinning method. The nanofibers were coated with gold by sputtering deposition, maintaining optimal transparency and conductivity to increase the electroluminescence on both electrodes. Optical, structural, and electrical measurements of the as-prepared transparent electrodes have shown good transparency and higher electrical conductivity. In this study, two types of OLEDs consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO)/ poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT-PSS)/ Ir(III) complex (8-hydroxyquinolinat bis(2-phenylpyridyl) iridium-IrQ(ppy)(2) 20 wt% embedded in N, N '-Dicarbazolyl-4,4 '-biphenyl (CBP) sandwich structure and either gold-covered PMMA electrospun nanoweb (OLED with electrospun cathode) were fabricated together with a similar structure containing thin film gold cathodes (OLED with thin film cathode). The luminance-current-voltage characteristics, the capacitance-voltage, and the electroluminescence properties of these OLEDs were investigated.

In the quest for novel rare earth (RE)-free magnetic materials, which also exhibit other additional properties such as good corrosion resistance and potential to operate at higher temperatures, an alloy deriving from the binary FePt system, with Mo and B addition, has been synthesized for the first time, using the out-of-equilibrium method of rapid solidification form the melt. The alloy with the composition Fe49Pt26Mo2B23 has been subjected to thermal analysis through differential scanning calorimetry in order to detect the structural disorder - order phase transformation as well as to study the crystallization processes. For the stabilization of the formed hard magnetic phase, the sample has been annealed at 600 degrees C and further structurally and magnetically characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fe-57 Mossbauer spectrometry as well as magnetometry experiments. It has been proven that after annealing at 600 degrees C the tetragonal hard magnetic L1(0) phase emerges via crystallization from a disordered cubic precursor and becomes the predominant phase in terms of relative abundance. Moreover, it has been revealed by quantitative analysis via Mossbauer spectroscopy that the annealed sample exhibits a complex phase structure, where the L1(0) hard magnetic phase is accompanied by few other soft magnetic phases, in minority abundance: the cubic A1, orthorhombic Fe2B and residual intergranular region. The magnetic parameters have been derived from 300 K hysteresis loops. It was shown that, contrary to the as-cast sample which behaves as a typical soft magnet, the annealed sample presents strong coercivity and high remanent magnetization, accompanied by a large saturation magnetization. These findings offers good insight into the potential developing of novel class of RE-free permanent magnets, based on Fe-Pt-Mo-B, where the magnetic performance emerges from the co-existence of hard and soft magnetic phases in controlled and tunable proportions, capable of finding good applicability in fields requiring good catalytic properties and strong corrosion resistance.

Rhombohedral phase HfxZr1-xO2 (HZO, x from 0 to 1) films are promising for achieving robust ferroelectric polarization without the need for an initial wake-up pre-cycling, as is normally the case for the more commonly studied orthorhombic phase. However, a large spontaneous polarization observed in rhombohedral films is not fully understood, and there are also large discrepancies between experimental and theoretical predictions. In this work, in rhombohedral ZrO2 thin films, we show that oxygen vacancies are not only a key factor for stabilizing the phase, but they are also a source of ferroelectric polarization in the films. This is shown experimentally through the investigation of the structural properties, chemical composition and the ferroelectric properties of the films before and after an annealing at moderate temperature (400 degrees C) in an oxygen environment to reduce the V-O concentration compared. The experimental work is supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations which show that the rhombohedral phase is the most stable one in highly oxygen defective ZrO2 films. The DFT calculations also show that V-O contribute to the ferroelectric polarization. Our findings reveal the importance of V-O for stabilizing rhombohedral ZrO2 thin films with superior ferroelectric properties.

In 1946 and 1949, Charles Kittel proposed a simple model for the size of ferromagnetic domains that is still widely used nowadays [C. Kittel, Phys. Rev. 70 (1946) 965-971 and Rev. Mod. Phys. 21 (1949) 541-583], including for other ferroic systems, such as ferroelectrics and multiferroics. Kittel's theory is revisited in this work, with a more detailed demonstration and emphasizing the main assumptions utilized, by using SI units instead of CGS units, as in the original Kittel's works. The validity limits of the Kittel's scaling law where the domain width varies with the square root of the sample thickness towards low thicknesses is derived, with the possibility of evolution towards large domains for ultralow thicknesses. Further, Kittel's model is extended to the case where the sample has a non-vanishing net magnetization and it is shown how magnetization curves at zero temperature can be obtained. This is discussed by supposing constant width of a pair of neighboring domains with opposed magnetization, or by allowing this width to vary as function on the net magnetization of the sample. Though this latter assumption seems to be more reasonable from the point of view of the evolution towards a single domain state at saturation, it seems that the model able to yield most accurate vales of the coercive field is the domain with fixed width of the pair of domains, which justifies the assumption of domain wall pinning". The introduction of the demagnetization factor associated with the finite size of the film yields a maximum thickness up to which the films present hysteresis curves. The validity of this theory for ferrelectric domains is also briefly discussed.

Cu2NiSnS4 (CNTS) absorber layers are elaborated by electrodeposition at various applied potentials followed by sulfurization treatment at 450 degrees C under sulfur atmosphere. The microstructural investigations revealed the presence of Cu4SnS4 secondary phases which can be reduced using an applied potential of -1.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Using the corresponding cathodic potential for Ni2+, the competing detrimental hydrogen evolution regresses the morphology and composition. The film with the highest Ni concentration has a band gap of 1.44 eV as inferred from diffuse reflectance data. The Randles cell model is probed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

In fusion reactors, such as ITER or DEMO, the plasma used to generate nuclear reactions will reach temperatures that are an order of magnitude higher than in the Sun's core. Although the plasma is not supposed to be in contact with the reactor walls, a large amount of heat generated by electromagnetic radiation, electrons and ions being expelled from the plasma will reach the plasma-facing surface of the reactor. Especially for the divertor part, high heat fluxes of up to 20 MW/m(2) are expected even in normal operating conditions. An improvement in the plasma-facing material (which is, in the case of ITER, pure Tungsten, W) is desired at least in terms of both a higher recrystallization temperature and a lower brittle-to-ductile transition temperature. In the present work, we discuss three microengineering routes based on inclusions of nanometric dispersions, which are proposed to improve the W properties, and present the microstructural and thermophysical properties of the resulting W-based composites with such dispersions. The materials' behavior after 6 MeV electron irradiation tests is also presented, and their further development is discussed.