National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

Undoped and Zn-doped ITO (ITO:Zn) multifunctional thin films were successfully synthesized using the sol-gel and dipping method on three different types of substrates (glass, SiO2/glass, and Si). The effect of Zn doping on the optoelectronic, microstructural, and gas-sensing properties of the films was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), Raman spectroscopy, Hall effect measurements (HE), and gas testing. The results showed that the optical constants, the transmission, and the carrier numbers were correlated with the substrate type and with the microstructure and the thickness of the films. The Raman study showed the formation of ITO films and the incorporation of Zn in the doped film (ITO:Zn), which was confirmed by EDX analysis. The potential use of the multifunctional sol-gel ITO and ITO:Zn thin films was proven for TCO applications or gas-sensing experiments toward CO2. The Nyquist plots and equivalent circuit for fitting the experimental data were provided. The best electrical response of the sensor in CO2 atmosphere was found at 150 degrees C, with activation energy of around 0.31 eV.

Intermetallic Cr-Al-C thin films from the 211 class of MAX phases were fabricated via ion beam deposition and structural investigations were undertaken to obtain information about morpho-structural effects propelled by carbon excess in the stoichiometry of the films. In order to promote the occurrence of the Cr2AlC MAX phase, the stoichiometric thin films were subsequently annealed at two temperature values: 650 degrees C and 700 degrees C in UHV conditions for 30 min. The morpho-structural effects in both as-deposited and annealed films were monitored using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. XRD analysis showed that the as-deposited sample was almost completely crystallized in the hexagonal Cr2AlC structure, with a remaining amorphous fraction of about 17%, most probably rich in carbon. Raman analysis allowed the identification of three spectral regions, two of them encompassing the Raman optical modes belonging to the Cr2AlC 211 MAX phase, while the third one gave strong evidence of highly intense and large D- and G-bands of carbon. Structural parameters such as the crystal lattice parameters as well as the volume of the crystal unit cell were found to decrease upon annealing; this decrease is attributed to the grain growth. The average crystallite dimension was proven to increase after annealing, while the lattice micro-strain lowered to approximately 63% in the annealed thin film compared to the as-deposited one. Well-formed and intense Raman peaks attributed to D- and G-bands of carbon were also observed and, corroborated with the structural data, seemed to indicate an overall increased level of crystal ordering as well as potential carbon nanoclustering after thermal treatments with thin Cr2AlC films. This observed phenomenon concords with previously documented reports on ab initio modelling of possible Cr2AlC structures with carbon excess.

IV-VI semiconductor quantum dots embedded into an inorganic matrix represent nanostructured composite materials with potential application in temperature sensor systems. This study explores the optical, structural, and morphological properties of a novel PbS quantum dots (QDs)-doped inorganic thin film belonging to the Al2O3-SiO2-P2O5 system. The film was synthesized by the sol-gel method, spin coating technique, starting from a precursor solution deposited on a glass substrate in a multilayer process, followed by drying of each deposited layer. Crystalline PbS QDs embedded in the inorganic vitreous host matrix formed a nanocomposite material. Specific investigations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical absorbance in the ultraviolet (UV)-visible (Vis)-near infrared (NIR) domain, NIR luminescence, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to obtain a comprehensive characterization of the deposited film. The dimensions of the PbS nanocrystallite phase were corroborated by XRD, SEM-EDX, and AFM results. The luminescence band from 1400 nm follows the luminescence peak of the precursor solution and that of the dopant solution. The emission of the PbS-doped film in the NIR domain is a premise for potential application in temperature sensing systems.

Bi-phasic calcium phosphates (BCPs) are considered prominent candidate materials for the fabrication of bone graft substitutes. Currently, supplemental cation-doping is suggested as a powerful path to boost biofunctionality, however, there is still a lack of knowledge on the structural role of such substituents in BCPs, which in turn, could influence the intensity and extent of the biological effects. In this work, pure and Mg- and Sr-doped BCP scaffolds were fabricated by robocasting from hydrothermally synthesized powders, and then preliminarily tested in vitro and thoroughly investigated physically and chemically. Collectively, the osteoblast cell culture assays indicated that all types of BCP scaffolds (pure, Sr- or Sr-Mg-doped) delivered in vitro performances similar to the biological control, with emphasis on the Sr-Mg-doped ones. An important result was that double Mg-Sr doping obtained the ceramic with the highest beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP)/hydroxyapatite mass concentration ratio of similar to 1.8. Remarkably, Mg and Sr were found to be predominantly incorporated in the beta-TCP lattice. These findings could be important for the future development of BCP-based bone graft substitutes since the higher dissolution rate of beta-TCP enables an easier release of the therapeutic ions. This may pave the road toward medical devices with more predictable in vivo performance.

The manipulation of magnetic anisotropy represents the fundamental prerequisite for the application of magnetic materials. Here we present the vectorial magnetic properties of nanostructured systems and thin films of Fe and FeCo prepared on linearly trenched Mo templates with thermally controlled periodicity. The magnetic properties of the nanosystems are engineered by tuning the shape, size, thickness, and composition parameters of the thin films. Thus, we control coercivity, magnetization, orientation of the easy axis of magnetization, and the long-range magnetic order of the system in the function of the temperature. We distinguish magnetic components that emerge from the complex morpho-structural features of the undulating Fe or FeCo nanostructured films on trenched Mo templates: (i) assembly of magnetic nanowires and (ii) assembly of magnetic islands/clusters. Uniaxial anisotropy at room temperature was proven, characterized, and explained in the case of all systems. Our work contributes to the understanding of magnetic properties necessary for possible further applications of linear systems and undulated thin films.

An innovative research has been conducted focused on demonstrating the ability of novel dual-emissive glutathione-stabilized gold nanoclusters (GSH-AuNCs) to perform bright near-infrared (NIR)-emitting contrast agents inside tissue-mimicking agarose-phantoms via two complementary confocal fluorescence imaging techniques. First, using a new and fast microwave-assisted approach, we synthesized photostable dual-emitting GSH-AuNCs with an average size of 3.2 +/- 0.4 nm and NIR emission quantum yield of 9.9%. Steady-state fluorescence measurements coupled with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) assays performed on lyophilized GSH-AuNCs revealed that the obtained GSH-AuNCs exhibit PL emissions at 610 nm (red PL) and, respectively, 800 nm (NIR PL) in both solution and powder solid-state. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements showed that the two PL components are characterized by average lifetimes of 407 ns (red PL) and 1821 ns (NIR PL), respectively. Additionally, due to a partial overlap between the red PL and the absorption of the NIR PL, an energy transfer between the two coexisting emissive centers was discovered and confirmed via steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. Furthermore, the FLIM analysis performed on powder GSH-AuNCs under 640 nm, an excitation more suitable for bioimaging applications, revealed a homogeneous and photostable NIR PL signal from GSH-AuNCs. Finally, the ability of GSH-AuNCs to operate as reliable NIR-emitting contrast agents inside tissue-mimicking agarose-phantoms was demonstrated here for the first time via complementary FLIM and re-scan confocal fluorescence imaging techniques. In consequence, GSH-AuNCs show great promise for future in vivo imaging applications via confocal fluorescence microscopy.

Monocrystalline (100) semi-insulating gallium arsenide (GaAs) samples were irradiated with a 250-keV Xe+ ion beam at room temperature. To investigate the effect of ion irradiation on GaAs samples, the ion fluence was varied from 1 x 1012 to 3 x 1016 ions/cm2. The spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) method and the Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) with nuclear reaction (NR) method were used to determine the properties of the virgin and implanted samples. The SE approach reveals that the pseudo-dielectric function of implanted GaAs samples varies with ion fluence. The RBS approach, which exposes the depth-profile of As, Ga, and Xe in the implanted samples, allows us to correlate changes in the pseudo-dielectric function with structural modifications caused by the ion irradiation. The NR approach points out the existence of an oxygen-enriched layer on the surface of implanted GaAs samples. Lastly, the optical study involving the Cauchy and Urbach dispersion model measures the refractive index n and extinction coefficient k of the native oxide layer on the surface of GaAs samples.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from biomass, a suggested green approach for nanomaterial synthesis, often possess poor optical properties and have low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). This study employed an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) process to synthesise efficient nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) from biomass precursors (glucose in the presence of ammonia). The concentrations of ammonia, as nitrogen dopant precursor, were varied to optimise the optical properties of CQDs. Optimised N-CQDs showed significant enhancement in fluorescence emission properties with a PLQY of 9.6% compared to pure glucose derived-CQDs (g-CQDs) without nitrogen doping which have PLQY of less than 1%. With stability over a pH range of pH 2 to pH 11, the N-CQDs showed excellent sensitivity as a nano-sensor for the highly toxic highly-pollutant chromium (VI), where efficient photoluminescence (PL) quenching was observed. The optimised nitrogen-doping process demonstrated effective and efficient tuning of the overall electronic structure of the N-CQDs resulting in enhanced optical properties and performance as a nano-sensor.

A deeper understanding of the coupling at the interface of multiferroics heterostructures is being achieved by the use of synchrotron radiation techniques. Here, the authors use k-resolved soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and first principles calculations to investigate the band structure of several multiferroic heterostructures, isolating the distinct signature of the interface. Physics of the multiferroic interfaces is currently understood mostly within a phenomenological framework based on screening of the polarization field and depolarizing charges. Additional effects still unexplored are the band dependence of the interfacial charge modulation and the associated changes of the electron-phonon interaction, coupling the charge and lattice degrees of freedom. Here, multiferroic heterostructures of the colossal-magnetoresistance manganite La1-xSrxMnO3 buried under ferroelectric BaTiO3 and PbZrxTi1-xO3 are investigated using soft-X-ray angle-resolved photoemission. The experimental band dispersions from the buried La1-xSrxMnO3 identify coexisting two-dimensional hole and three-dimensional electron charge carriers. The ferroelectric polarization modulates their charge density, affecting the coupling of the 2D holes and 3D electrons with the lattice which forms large Frohlich polarons inherently reducing mobility of the charge carriers. Our k-resolved results on the orbital occupancy, band filling and electron-lattice interaction in multiferroic oxide heterostructures modulated by the ferroelectric polarization disclose most fundamental physics of these systems needed for further progress of beyond-CMOS ferro-functional electronics.

In the present work, new luminescent lanthanide complexes with extended mesomorphic range were prepared by coordination to lanthanide ions (Eu3+, Sm3+ and Tb3+) of the new 4-pyridone based organic ligands (L) with 3,4-(7-n) and 3,5-di(alkyloxy)benzyl (8-n) mesogenic groups and variable length (n = 12 or 14 carbon atoms) onto the benzyl unit. The cumulative results of the elemental analyses as well as the H-1, C-13 NMR and IR spectroscopies support the structure of the organic derivatives and their lanthanide complexes [LnL(3)(NO3)(3)] (9-n/Ln and 10-n/Ln) described in this work. These complexes show characteristic lanthanide solid state emission, both at room and elevated temperatures corresponding to crystalline, glassy or liquid crystal states. The long range SmA phases displayed by all complexes were supported by a combination of characterization methods, including: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and variable-temperature powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). This work shows that the number, substitution pattern and length of flexible alkoxy chains are important parameters to control the phase-transition characteristics of the lanthanide complexes. Complexes with 3,4-disubstituted pattern (9-n/Ln) show higher clearing temperatures (nearly 60 degrees C for Eu3+, 70 degrees C for Sm3+ and 85 degrees C for Tb3+ complexes) compared to their counterparts with 3,5-disubstituted pattern (10-n/Ln). Moreover, complexes 9-n/Ln crystallize when cooling their LC phase while complexes 10-n/Ln are stable in glassy state at room temperature as a consequence of the different close interdigitated molecular packing evidenced by XRD measurements. Dielectric spectroscopy was employed to detect the changes of order degree specific to each phases (crystalline, LC or isotropic). The variation of dielectric constant and the electrical conductivity versus temperature shows three transition intervals for selected complexes 10-14/Sm and 10-14/Tb, which delimit the main intervals: 45-60 degrees C, 90-110 degrees C; 140-160 degrees C corresponding to the Cr-1-Cr-2, Cr-2 - SmA and SmA-Iso transitions, and agree very well with the DSC results. The change of characteristic time, obtained by Havriliak-Negami fit function, with temperature also provides a very good correlation with the DSC and POM results. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.