In this work, three methods for the synthesis of composites based on poly(ortho-toluidine) (POT) and WS2 are reported: (a) the solid-state interaction (SSI) of POT with WS2 nanoparticles (NPs); (b) the in situ chemical polymerization (ICP) of ortho-toluidine (OT); and (c) the electrochemical polymerization (ECP) of OT. The preparation of WS2 sheets was performed by the ball milling of the WS2 NPs followed by ultrasonication in the solvent N,N'-dimethyl formamide. During the synthesis of the POT/WS2 composites by SSI and ICP, an additional exfoliation of the WS2 NPs was reported. In this work, we demonstrated the following: (a) the ICP method leads to POT/WS2 composites, which contain repeating units of POT in the leucoemeraldine salt (LS) state, while (b) the ECP method leads to POT/WS2 composites, which contain repeating units of POT in the emeraldine salt (ES) state. Capacitances equal to 123.5, 465.76, and 751.6 mF cm-2 in the cases of POT-ES/WS2 composites, synthesized by SSI, ICP, and ECP, respectively, were reported.

In this work a method in two steps for the preparation of the composites based on poly(ortho-toluidine) (POT) and the MoS2 and WS2 sheets was reported. In the first step, by ball-milling of mixtures of MoS2 and WS2 particles, the sheets of MoS2 and WS2 (MoS2: WS2) with weight ratio equal to 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 were prepared. In the second step, the interaction in solid-state of the MoS2: WS2 samples with POT in emeraldine-base (POT-EB) and emeraldine-salt (POT-ES) was used to obtain composites of the type MoS2: WS2/POT-EB and MoS2: WS2/ POT-ES. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, Raman scattering and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we demonstrate that: i) the ball-milling method can allow the preparation of the MoS2 and WS2 sheets with different stacking order, ii) the interaction of POT-EB with the MoS2: WS2 samples involves the transformation of some repeating units of the type EB into ES; and iii) the interaction of POT-ES with the MoS2: WS2 samples leads to the appearance of new positive charges onto macromolecular chains which are compensated by S2- ions. According to thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), all samples are demonstrated to be stable up to 230 degrees C. Dielectric spectroscopy data reveal a complex dependence of DC electrical conductivity on frequency, temperature, and composite concentration. We use the apparent activation energy, defined as the derivative of the logarithm of conductivity with respect to the inverse temperature. The obtained results indicate that apparent activation energy is influenced by system composition via filling factors. The electrical properties of these heterogeneous materials are described using Lichtenecker's mixing laws. For components with similar electrical properties, the effective conductivity and apparent activation energy were determined as linear combinations of the individual conductivities and activation energies, respectively, weighted by the component concentrations. Our findings align with experimental data, offering a framework for understanding conductivity and activation energy in multi-component systems.

Recent progress concerning the development of counter electrode material (CE) from the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and the electrode material (EM) within supercapacitors is reviewed. From composites based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and conducting polymers (CPs) to their biggest competitor, namely composites based on graphene or graphene derivate (GD) and CPs, there are many methods of synthesis that influence the morphology and the functionalization inside the composite, making them valuable candidates for EM both inside DSSCs and in supercapacitors devices. From the combination of CPs with carbon-based materials, such as CNT and graphene or GD, the perfect network is created, and so the charge transfer takes place faster and more easily. Inside composites, between the functional groups of the components, different functionalizations are formed, namely covalent or non-covalent, which further provide the so-called synergic effect. Inside CPs/CNTs, CNTs could play the role of template but could also be wrapped in a CP film due to pi-pi coupling enhancing the composite conductivity. Active in regenerating the redox couple I-/I3-, the weakly bound electrons play a key role inside CPs/GD composites.

This article's objective is the synthesis of new composites based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and TiO2 nanowires (NWs) as free-standing films, highlighting their structural and optical properties. The free-standing TPU-TiO2 NW films were prepared by a wet chemical method accompanied by a thermal treatment at 100 degrees C for 1 h, followed by air-drying for 2 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicated that the starting commercial TiO2 NW sample contains TiO2 tetragonal anatase (A), cubic Ti0.91O (C), and orthorhombic Ti2O3 (OR), as well as monoclinic H2Ti3O7 (M). In the presence of TPU, an increase in the ratio between the intensities of the diffraction peaks at 43.4 degrees and 48 degrees belonging to the C and A phases of titanium dioxide, respectively, is reported. The increase in the intensity of the peak at 43.4 degrees is explained to be a consequence of the interaction of TiO2 NWs with PTU, which occurs when the formation of suboxides takes place. The variation in the ratio of the absorbance of the IR bands peaked at 765-771 cm(-1) and 3304-3315 cm(-1) from 4.68 to 4.21 and 3.83 for TPU and the TPU-TiO2 NW composites, respectively, with TiO2 NW concentration equal to 2 wt.% and 17 wt.%, indicated a decrease in the higher-order aggregates of TPU with a simultaneous increase in the hydrogen bonds established between the amide groups of TPU and the oxygen atoms of TiO2 NWs. The decrease in the ratio of the intensity of the Raman lines peaked at 658 cm(-1) and 635 cm(-1), which were assigned to the vibrational modes E-g in TiO2 A and E-g in H2Ti3O7 (ITiO2-A/I-H2Ti3O7), respectively, from 3.45 in TiO2 NWs to 0.94-0.96 in the TPU-TiO2 NW composites, which indicates that the adsorption of TPU onto TiO2 NWs involves an exchange reaction of TPU in the presence of TiO2 NWs, followed by the formation of new hydrogen bonds between the -NH- of the amide group and the oxygen atoms of TixO2x-mn, Ti2O3, and Ti0.91O. Photoluminescence (PL) studies highlighted a gradual decrease in the intensity of the TPU emission band, which is situated in the spectral range 380-650 nm, in the presence of TiO2 NW. After increasing the TiO2 NW concentration in the TPU-TiO2 NW composite mass from 0 wt.% to 2 wt.% and 17 wt.%, respectively, a change in the binding angle of the TPU onto the TiO2 NW surface from 12.6 degrees to 32 degrees and 45.9 degrees, respectively, took place.

In this work, new information concerning the optical properties of black phosphorus (BP) sheets chemically/electrochemically functionalized with diphenyl amine (DPA) and its macromolecular compound (poly(diphenylamine) (PDPA)) in the absence/presence of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) is reported. Raman scattering and FTIR spectroscopy studies indicate that the interaction of BP with PTA leads to the elimination of the PxOy layer onto the surface of the BP sheets. In the case of the chemical interaction of BP with DPA, the reaction product corresponds to DPA chemically functionalized BP sheets having an imino-phosphorane (IP) structure. The electrochemical oxidation of BP sheets chemically functionalized with DPA in the presence of PTA leads to an increase in the weight of P-N bonds as a consequence of the generation of PDPA doped with the PTA heteropolyanions, as shown by FTIR spectroscopy and Raman scattering. This process is evidenced by a shift of the Raman line from 362 cm(-1) to 378 cm(-1), assigned to the A(1g) mode. This change was explained by taking into account the compression of the layers containing P atoms, which is induced by PDPA macromolecular chains. The decrease in the intensity of the PL spectra of DPA as well as PDPA, in the presence of BP, indicates that BP acts as a PL quenching agent for these compounds. A preferential orientation of the PDPA doped with the PTA heteropolyanions on the surface of BP sheets is highlighted by the variation of the binding angle of the PDPA on the surface of BP sheets from 44.7 degrees to 39.9 degrees.

Melanoma is a skin cancer characterized by rapid growth and spread for which current therapies produce both resistance and increased risk of infection. To develop new anti-melanoma biocompatible species, the series of complexes Cu(N-N)(bzac)(X)center dot nH(2)O (N-N: 1,10-phenanthroline/2,2 '-bipyridine, Hbzac: 1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione, X: NO3/ClO4, and n = 0, 1) was studied. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed a mononuclear structure for all complexes. The ability of the complexes to scavenge or trap reactive oxygen species such as O-2 center dot(-) and HO center dot was proved by EPR spectroscopy experiments. All complexes inhibited B16 murine melanoma cells in a dose-dependent and nanomolar range, but the complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline were more active. Moreover, comparative activity on B16 and healthy BJ cells revealed a therapeutic index of 1.27-2.24. Bioinformatic methods were used to calculate the drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic, pharmacogenomic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of the compounds. The results showed that all compounds exhibit drug-likeness features, as well as promising absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties, and no toxicity. The pharmacodynamics results showed that the neutral species appear to be good candidates for antitumor molecular targets (Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1, DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase or Kruppel-like factor 5). Furthermore, the pharmacogenomic results showed a good affinity of the copper(II) complexes for the human cytochrome. These results recommend complexes bearing 1,10-phenanthroline as good candidates for developing drugs to melanoma alternative treatment.