National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

Recent models for the occurrence of high-temperature superconductivity predict that the superconducting transition of underdoped cuprates is determined by the phase fluctuations of the order parameter, while the modulus of the wave function remains finite up to the pseudogap temperature T*. Here we show that the mean-field transition temperature cannot be identified with T*.

ac susceptibility measurements were performed on pure and SiC-doped MgB2 prepared by field assisted sintering technique in the temperature range between 5 and 50 K. The activation energy for flux-creep U for both samples was determined at dc-fields of 0, 0.5, and 5 T, respectively, from the frequency dependence of the imaginary part of the ac-susceptibility chi '' data measured in the range 17-9997 Hz. It was found that at 0 and 0.5 T, the activation energy of the SiC-doped sample is almost half the energy of the pristine sample whereas at 5 T the activation energies of the two samples become almost equal. A similar behaviour show the H-p(T) lines as obtained from susceptibility data in the range 0-9 T. For fields lower than 7.5 T, the H-p field of the doped sample is lower than for the undoped MgB2. At similar to 7.5 T, the H-p(T) for SiC doped MgB2 crosses over the H-p(T) of pure MgB2 and for higher fields the doped samples exhibits a higher irreversibility H-p. This field dependence was extracted from the evolution of the. chi(1)''(T) data. This behaviour is a consequence of the morphology of the sample with a large spread in grain size.

In order to determine the effect of sample shape, compacting pressure and green density gradients on the final shape and density of sintered bodies a study was made on a PZT type powder, pressed within a large range of shapes from long cylinders up to thin discs and at pressures ranging between 40 and 180 MPa. Important shape distorsion were found for both long cylinders and thin discs but surprisingly the final density was not essentially changed even if the green compacted density showed important changes with in the samples. Differences in the shrink age of diameter and thickness brought about by sintering for samples with different shapes were found.

A composite prepared front aerosil A380 and the liquid crystal (LC) 4-hexyl-4'-cyanophenyl benzoate (CP6B) was investigated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy in a large temperature range. The selected high silica density (ca. 7 g aerosil/1 g of CP6B) allows the observation of a thin layer (two-monolayer structure) adsorbed on the surface of the silica particles. For the composite one relaxation process is observed at frequencies much lower than that of the processes found for bulk CP6B. It is assigned to the dynamics of the molecules in the surface layer. The temperature dependence of its relaxation rates obeys the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann law, which is characteristic for glass-forming liquids. The quasi 2D character of the observed glassy dynamics in the surface layer is discussed. The temperature dependence of the CP6B relaxation in the composite is compared with that of related hexylcyanobiphenyl molecules in the surface layer of aerosil composite with a similar concentration.

A series of TiO2-ZrO2 aerogels with different ZrO2 contents (3-10 %) were prepared by an acid catalyzed sol-gel method followed by low-temperature supercritical drying and heat treatment. The structure and morphology of mixed aerogels were studied by means of Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), xenon sorption and elemental analysis. XRD spectra refinements show that the calcined TiO2-ZrO2 aerogels consist mainly in anatase phase accompanied by a small fraction of tetragonal ZrO2. The Raman spectra proof that the network of the calcined mixed aerogels mainly preserves an anatase structure similar to that of the calcined TiO2 aerogel. The TEM images reveal that the anatase particles present round shapes with a highly homogeneous size (about 3-8 nm). Areas containing chains of amorphous tetragonal zirconia were also identified by the TEM investigations. The addition of zirconia to titania significantly increased the surface area and stabilized the anatase phase of titania. The best catalytic efficiency for the salicylic acid photodecomposition was obtained for the aerogel with 9.39% zirconia that exhibited an apparent rate constant of about three times higher than that of the pure titania aerogel.

Superconducting c-axis thin films of Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 (Bi-2223) were grown by MOCVD on (001) and (110) MgO substrates. Films on both substrates show, as revealed by AFM investigations, similar morphology composed of regular rectangular grains and relatively low roughness of about two or three half c-axis unit cell order. AFM images also suggest that films might have in-plane epitaxy. The films have zero resistance critical temperatures of 95.1K for the (001) MgO substrate and 75K for the (110) MgO substrate, respectively. Considering very large films-substrate lattice mismatch between (110) MgO and (ab)-plane of the superconducting phase the growth of indicated films is a surprise.

Cobalt-doped vanadium oxide thin layers prepared by pulsed laser ablation are investigated by (i) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, (ii) the local atomic order by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), (iii) the morphology of the films was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and (iv) magnetic properties were quantified by magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). In most cases, the chemical composition of the host matrix was found to be the vanadium (5+) oxide V2O5 at the sample surface and lower ionization states (+2 and +3) in the bulk. Co ions are found either in high ionization state Co5+ (for samples synthesized in high vacuum condition, denoted by VO1), or with Co in lower ionization states Co4+ (for samples synthesized in a mixture of argon and oxygen atmosphere, denoted by VO2). Consistent information was obtained from chemical shifts from individual core level scans in XPS, compared with existent data in litterature, and the amplitude of the pre-edge peak in XANES, which is a sign of quadrupole 1s -> 3d dipole-forbidden transition and whose amplitude is proportional to the number of 3d vacancies per atom. AFM revealed big particles with sizes > 100 mu m for VO1 samples, whereas smaller nanoparticles with sizes ranging between 20 and 30 mu m were observed for VO2 samples. VO1 samples presented very high coercitive fields with a relatively low saturation magnetisation at room temperature, whereas VO2 samples presented double-loop hysteresis curves, indicating the coexistence of exchange bias between two kinds of magnetic moieties with strong anisotropy.

An important tool for the development of devices (detectors, cell solar, electronic circuit components) for high energy accelerator facilities or for space utilization, where new missions and experiments will be operated, is to find new materials with harder radiation properties. The radiation fields in these environments are extremely complex and the tests of the behaviour of different materials and devices for concrete situations are difficult to realise and very expensive. Thus, scaling of degradation effects would represent a useful tool and it is the main aim of the present contribution. Some analytical expressions for NIEL that suggest possible scaling formula are given.

The paper presents the modeling of trap discharging processes in Multiple Quantum Well nanostructures. The coupling between trapping and detrapping phenomena, due to the CaF2 buffer layers is discussed. The relative role of tunneling and displacement currents is also analyzed. The model allows the determination of trap parameters that are not directly measurable. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Fe clusters have been synthesised in ultrahigh-vacuum chamber using a gas-stabilized cluster aggregation method that ensures good control of the cluster size and naturally oxidized in order to obtain Fe/Fe oxide core-shell nanoparticles. The morphology of an individual nanoparticle, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy, consists of a Fe core of an average diameter of 4.4 nm surrounded by an oxide shell of uniform thickness of about 1.2 nm in average. The nanoparticles may be assimilated with a ferro-/antiferromagnetic (FM/AF) system. The morpho-structural features have been correlated with magnetic measurements on the core-shell nanoparticles. A significant exchange bias effect has been measured, when the sample was field-cooled under an applied field of 3 T. As the morphology of core-shell nanoclusters is much more complicated than in FM/AF bilayers of regular thickness due to the particular geometry of the coronal AF layer, the shape and surface anisotropy have to be taken into account for a correct interpretation of the magnetic data.