National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

The resolution-intensity antinomy is herewith represented by the Experimental performance criterion - luminosity factor couple. The experimental performance criterion, in close relationship but not identical with the resolution, is an entity connected with the object of the experiment. It is proposed as an attempt to introduce a kind of worth-scale for the results of experiments performed with a certain instrument. This concept is used in computer simulation of experiments performed at both thermal neutron - and synchrotron radiation - sources, for determination of the most convenient instrumental parameters of powder diffractometers.

When a magnetic field is applied on a narrow gap semiconductor with high hole mobility, a substantial rise in the figure of merit can be observed due to Ethinghausen effect. The most important proof of this effect was achieved by using Bi-Sb alloys. The present paper is devoted to performance of the electrochemical synthesis of Bi-Sb alloys from acid aqueous solutions and to the investigations of physico-chemical. properties of these alloys. Thick films of Bi-Sb alloy were electrodeposited from both chloride and perchlorate solutions. The electro-deposited films obtained from perclorate solutions are thicker, more compact and more uniform. The Bi/Sb ratio in the solution bulk was found to be approximately the same to the Bi/Sb ratio in the electrodeposited alloy. The Hall effect was measured by a home-made apparatus. The range of the magnetic field (B) determined by a standard induction coil was 0.05-1 T. Carrier concentration, n is 10(18) cm(-3) and increases slow in the choosen magnetic range.

Alloys with nominal composition Al94-xMn6Cex (x = 1-4 at.%) and Al99-yMnyCe1 (y = 6, 8 and 10 at.%) were prepared by melt-spinning in protective Ar atmosphere and examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM/SEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) and high energy-resolution synchrotron radiation powder diffraction. Depending on the alloy composition, the average size of the icosahedral phase grains could be varied between 2-5 nm up to several hundred nm. The observed grain-size refinement effects open a way for the microstructure control of these novel quasicrystal-based nanocomposite materials and for the fine-tuning of their macroscopic behaviour.

Based on Tiersten's analysis an accurate calculation of the coupling coefficient dependence on geometrical dimensions and mass loading for quartz and langasite monolithic structures was performed(1). In this paper we have studied the influence of the material constants on the attenuation characteristics of two-pole langasite monolithic filters by calculation of the dependence between the coupling coefficient and elastic constant c(66), piezoelectric constant e(26) and Voigt's elastic constant gamma (11). We investigated also the effect of mass loading on the coupling coefficient of langasite and quartz monolithic filters and we have found that the effect on langasite filters is lower than on quartz filters. The relation between the coupling coefficient and the material constants is discussed on crystals grown by various laboratories.

We realize uniform planar alignment of 5CB on isotropic untreated ITO substrate. The counterplate orientation is "imprinted'' on ITO and memorized by adsorption of an oriented nematic layer. We measure the azimuthal and the zenithal anchoring energies. We show that the memory induced anchoring strength is similar to the one usually found for substrates with high anisotropy. Studying rubbed ITO substrate, we show that in this case also the azimuthal anchoring is mainly due to memory effect.

Atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition films of borophosphosilicate glass with different contents of phosphorus and boron can be successfully used as masks for etching of silicon in KOH solution. The optical properties of these films were pointed out by spectroellipsometric measurements, using different theoretical models (such as Cauchy and Wemple-DiDomenico models). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lead titanate (PT) is well known as a good piezoelectric material with a high Curie temperature (similar to 490 degreesC) and a low dielectric constant (similar to 200). But pure lead titanate cannot be sintered as ceramic bodies, for practical purposes, due to its large crystal anisotropy (tetragonality c/a=1.064). However, dense PT ceramic bodies can be obtained if small additions of other elements are used. Ca and Sm modified PT were succesfully tried, but such dopings proved rather expensive for mass production. Therefore some other doping elements must be tried. In this regard we investigated the effect of Bi and Y additives on the piezoelectric properties of PT ceramics. The general formula of our Bi, Y doped lead titanate ceramics was: (Pb1-3x/2Mex)(Ti0,98Mn0,02)O-3, with Me=Bi,Y and x=0.04, 0.06, 0.08. The modified PT ceramics were prepared by conventional ceramic technique, using p.a.purity raw materials. The mixed powders were sintered at temperatures between 1000-1300 degreesC. Poling was done in fields of about 70kV/cm. Density and coupling factors of the samples were determined as a function of sintering temperatures, and doping level. Temperature dependence of the main piezoelectric characteristics was also investigated for temperatures as high as 500 degreesC. It was found that Bi,Y modified lead titanate ceramics have a very high Curie point (T-c>450 degreesC), a low dielectric constant (<140) and a large electromechanical anisotropy (the radial mode is nearly inexistent, at room temperature and the thickness coupling factor is about 0.4), which make them competitive to the rare-earth doped PT ceramics, for high temperature and high frequency transducers applications.

Piezoelectric properties of four tungsten doped samples of PZT type were determined as a function of composition. The samples were prepared by the usual ceramic technique from raw oxide of 99.9% purity. All compositions exhibited maximum values for the density at a sintering temperature of 1180 degrees C with a soaking time of 4h, so that the piezoelectric properties were determined on the samples sintered at this temperature only. The results showed that the piezoelectric properties were not drastically modified by the doping level, but dopings higher than 5% at. sightly alter the properties. The best values obtained for the piezoelectric parameters were: density rho= 7.7 g/cm(3); dielectric constants, epsilon(T)=1410; electromechanical coupling factors, k(p) = 0.63, and k(T) = 0.55; mechanical quality factor Q(m) approximate to 90; piezoelectric voltage constant d(33) = 470.10(-12) m/V; piezoelectric charge constant g33 = 25.10(-3) Vm/N. These values show that tungsten doped materials are piezoelectric soft type ceramics of high quality that can be successfully used for manufacturing ultrasonic transducers.

Ce-doped BaTiO3 thin films prepared on silicon-platinium by r.f. sputtering has been investigated. BaTiO3 doped with 5.5 mol.%CeO2 thin film was deposited at 550 degreesC substrate temperature in Ar atmosfere. The crystal structure and shape were examined by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with EDAX. Analysis by X-ray diffraction patterns show that the crystalline film with a cubic structure of BaTiO3, was obtained. The surface morphology (roughness, the grain size and the droplet size) of the thin film surface was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The grain size is about 160 nm, the droplet size is about 0.675 mum and the roughness is 36.88 nm. EDAX analyse established a composition of the film identicaly with that of target (BaTiO3 doped with 5.5 mol.%CeO2). The broad peak in the capacitance versus temperature curve at Curie point indicate that the r.f. sputtered Ce-doped BaTiO3 film is ferroelectric. The values of the capacitance of the thin film at 1 KWz were found to be 86 pF and the loss dielectric was tan delta =0.0875. The film have presented dielectric anomaly peak at 23 degreesC showing ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition.

The formation of quasicrystalline (QC) single-phases at compositions close to Ti53Zr27Ni20 was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) and high resolution powder diffraction using synchrotron radiation. The primary Ti-Zr-Ni alloys were melt-spun in protective Ar atmosphere using peripheral wheel speeds omega = 20 m/s and omega = 25 m/s. TEM and SAED investigations revealed that significant microstructural differences occur even for rather small changes of the rapid quenching rate. Grain refinement and improved material homogeneity were found to be responsible for the observed gain in the ductility of the as-quenched ribbons.