National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

We monitored the evolution in time of pinhole-free structures based on FTO/TiO2/CH3NH3PbI2.6Cl0.4 layers, with and without spiro-OMeTAD and counter electrodes (Ag, Mo/Ag, and Au), aged at 24 degrees C in a dark nitrogen atmosphere. In the absence of electrodes, no degradation occurs. While devices with Au show only a 10% drop in power conversion efficiency, remaining stable after a further overheating at 70 degrees C, >90% is lost when using Ag, with the process being slower for Mo/Ag. We demonstrate that iodine is dislocated by the electric field between the electrodes, and this is an intrinsic cause for electromigration of I- from the perovskite until it reaches the anode. The iodine exhaustion in the perovskite layer is produced when using Ag electrodes, and AgI is formed. We hypothesize that in the presence of Au the iodine migration is limited due to the buildup of I- negative space charge accumulated at the perovskite-OMeTAD interface.

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopic studies reveal a particular chemical interaction of the polyaniline/fullerene (PANI/C-60) composite with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). The chemical polymerization of aniline in the presence of sulfuric acid, potassium dichromate and fullerene has been used for the preparation of the PANI/C-60 composite. The polymerization reaction involves a doping of PANI with C-60 anion radicals. The interaction of the composite with NMP leads to a de-doping of PANI that involves a transformation of leucoemeraldine salt (LS) repeating units into leucoemeraldine base (LB). Additionally, a gradual increasing in the intensity of the Raman line at 1452 cm(-1) associated to the A(g)(2) pentagonal pinch mode of fullerene and a decrease in the intensity of the Raman lines of PANI are reported. This change arises from the formation of a charge-transfer complex C-60-NMP. The subsequent chemical treatment of PANI-LB with FeCl3 leads to the formation PANI-emeraldine salt. An inhibition of the transformation of PANI doped with C-60 anion radicals into a PANI-LB and the C-60-NMP charge transfer complex in the presence of CdS particles dispersed in NMP is demonstrated by SERS spectroscopy. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We have studied the light emission properties of aged glassy (g-) and crystalline (c-) As2S3 and freshly fractured glassy As2S3 with photosensitive realgar inclusions in the 1.5-4.5 eV spectral range and applying different excitation photon energies. Additionally, Raman scattering measurements were performed on g-As40S60 to investigate structural changes caused by corrosion of the glass in air. Major features in the luminescence spectra were observed at 1.65,1.87, 2.04, 226, 2.80 and 325 eV photon energies. The 1.65 eV band in photoluminescence spectra of g-As2S3 was identified to be related to the As side by comparison of the photoluminescence spectrum with literature data for As4S4 realgar crystal. A newly observed band at 1.87 eV was assigned to the As side in pararealgar occurring due to the light induced transformation from realgar to pararealgar phase. An oxidation process was found to take place during the aging and photo-aging accompanied with formation of As oxides, indicated by the emission bands at 2.04 and 226 eV. A rapid photo-oxidation process was observed in freshly fractured surfaces at room temperature which was connected with the light stimulated realgar-pararealgar transformation. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We report on the design, realization, and output performance of a diode-pumped high-peak-power passively Q-switched Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG composite medium monolithic laser with four-beam output. The energy of a laser pulse was higher than 3 mJ with duration of 0.9 ns. The proposed system has the ability to choose independently the focus of each beam. Such a laser device can be used for multipoint ignition of an automobile gasoline engine, but could also be of interest for ignition in space propulsion or in turbulent conditions specific to aeronautics. (C) 2016 Chinese Laser Press

The crystallization process of Yb3+/Er3+ codoped LiYF4 nanoparticles obtained by sol-gel method was studied using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Thermal data obtained from differential scanning calorimetry measurements under non-isothermal conditions at different heating rates were examined using both model-free and model fitting approaches. It was shown that LiYF4 phase crystallization occurs at around 383 degrees C as a result of the thermal decomposition of trifluoracetates and is shifted to higher temperatures as the heating rate increases. Both Friedman and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall analyses have indicated that the activation energy and pre-exponential factor decrease slightly as the crystallization proceeds. According to the model-fitting approach (by using extended Prout-Tompkins nth-order, ath autocatalysis reaction), LiYF4 nanocrystalline phase is the result of an autocatalytic process where a second metastable phase YF3 acts as a catalyst that accelerates the crystallization process of the LiYF4 phase. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.

Self-passivating tungsten based alloys for the first wall armour of future fusion reactors are expected to provide a major safety advantage compared to pure tungsten in case of a loss of coolant accident with simultaneous air ingress, due to the formation of a stable protective scale at high temperatures in presence of oxygen which prevents the formation of volatile and radioactive WO3. Bulk W-15Cr, W-10Cr-2Ti and W-12Cr-0.5Y alloys were manufactured by mechanical alloying followed by can encapsulation and HIP. This route resulted in fully dense materials with nano-structured grains. The ability of Ti and especially of Y to inhibit grain growth was observed in the W-10Cr-2Ti and W-12Cr-0.5Y alloys. Besides, Y formed Y-rich oxide nano-precipitates at the grain boundaries, and is thus expected to improve the mechanical behaviour of the Y-containing alloy. Isothermal oxidation tests at 800 degrees C (1073 K) and oxidation tests under accident-like conditions revealed that the W-12Cr-0.5Y alloy exhibits the best oxidation behaviour of all alloys, especially in the accident-like scenario. Preliminary HHF tests performed at GLADIS indicated that the W-10Cr-2Ti alloy is able to withstand power densities of 2 MW/m(2) without significant damage of the bulk structure. Thermo-shock tests at JUDITH-1 to simulate mitigated disruptions resulted in chipping of part of the surface of the as-HIPed W-10Cr-2Ti alloy. An additional thermal treatment at 1600 degrees C (1873 K) improves the thermo-shock resistance of the W-10Cr-2Ti alloy since only crack formation is observed. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Be/W and W/Be bilayers, of interest in regard to the specific behavior of plasma facing components (PFCs) were deposited on Si substrates by thermionic vacuum arc, with Fe, Fe-Cr and Fe-Cr-Al interlayers. The interlayers, with compositions approaching the one of the reduced activation steels used in supporting PFCs, were subsequently annealed in hydrogen atmosphere. The multilayers were characterized with respect to morphologic, structural, diffusional and atomic intermixing aspects via XRD, XRR, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and Mossbauer spectroscopy. All as-prepared samples present partially amorphous structures. A main alpha-Fe phase is observed, as well as (superparamagnetic) secondary Fe oxides, metallic Fe with Si, Cr, W and Be neighbors, Be-rich Fe-Be and Fe-Si phases. High amounts of tungsten and tungsten oxides were also evidenced in the Fe layer. The strong atomic intermixing of W and Be layers was indirectly supported by the unusual densities of Wand Be layers and Fe-57 Mossbauer spectroscopy results. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Optical properties are reported for composites based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT5) and copolymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-co-pyrene) (PEDOT-Py) prepared by chemical polymerization of two monomers in the presence of carbon nanotubes. A charge transfer between SWNT5 and the PEDOT-Py copolymer was demonstrated by Raman scattering. The increase in the relative intensity of the Raman lines peaked at 440-577 cm(-1), which were assigned to the ethylenedioxy ring vibrational modes, indicated a significant hindrance steric in the case of the composites based on the PEDOT-Py copolymer and metallic SWNTs. The increase in the absorbance of IR band peaked at 984 cm(-1) occurred simultaneously with the disappearance of the IR band at 1639 cm(-1). This finding was a consequence of the formation of new covalent bonds between SWNTs and the thiophene and benzene rings of the repeating units of the PEDOT-Py copolymer. The photoluminescence (PL) quenching process of the PEDOT-Py copolymer was induced by semiconducting SWNTs. The PL quenching of PEDOT-Py copolymer in the presence of SWNT5 was. demonstrated based on the energy level diagrams of the two constituents of the PEDOT-Py/SWNTs composite material. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The specific morphology and magnetic properties of magnetite-based glass-ceramics obtained by crystallization of Fe-containing borosilicate glassmelts in the presence of P2O5 as nucleating agent are investigated. We found that the distribution of the tiny nanoparticles of magnetite determines the low temperature response to magnetic field. The observed effects are discussed with respect to the following factors: (1) the existence of a multimodal size distribution of the tiny grains as revealed by Mossbauer spectroscopy, magnetometry, and high-resolution electron microscopy; (2) the existence of a disordered layer at the grain surface which is driven by field in a magnetically ordered state; and (3) the interplay between the relaxation mechanisms in different temperature ranges.