National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

A two dimensional photonic crystal (2DPhC) with triangular symmetry is investigated using optical reflectivity measurements and numerical calculations. The system has been obtained by direct laser writing, using a pulsed laser (lambda = 775 nm), perforating an In-doped Ge wafer. A lattice of holes with well-defined symmetry has been designed. Analyzing the spectral signature of PBGs recorded experimentaly with finite difference time domain theoretical calculations one was able to prove the relation between the geometric parameters (hole format, lattice constant) of the system and its ability to trap and guide the radiation in specific energy range. It was shown that at low frequency and telecommunication ranges of transvelsal electric modes photonic band gap occur. This structure may have potential aplications in designing photonic devices with applications in energy storage and conversion as potential alternative to Si-based technology.

Within the field of chemical gas sensing, ammonia detection represents one of the nowadays challenges, due to its adverse effects for human health. Real operating investigations are imposed by the high solubility potential of NH3 at room temperature. Thick films of Ba0.75Sr0.25TiO3 material have been investigated by means of electrical resistance and capacitance changes and correlated with the photoacoustic outputs. The experimental findings have been discussed in terms of Grotthuss mechanism, with respect to the ionic/electronic conduction within BST, toward ammonia detection enhanced by the presence of water vapors when operated at room temperature. So an appropriate NH3 sensing mechanism was proposed. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

CuOx nanorods grown by calcination on a Cu plate and TiO2 successive layers were assembled by chemical means to obtain a broad band light captor. The synthesis of composite with complex architecture aimed at maximization of light absorption and at improvement of electron-holes separation of via the multiple n-p heterojunctions created at TiO2-CuOx boundaries, formed mostly by filling the pore network composite material with CuOx. Au nanoparticles were embedded into TiO2 matrix to enhance the light harvesting ability in visible domain via surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon and to help the photo-generated charge separation through the formation of Schottky barriers. Dual p-n semiconducting character of the composite was clearly evidenced by photoelectrochemical measurements. The composite material exhibited photoresponse even at wavelengths higher than 420 nm (in visible domain), both in cathodic and anodic regions. The enhanced light adsorption characteristics, the advancement in synthesis procedure of CuOx-Au_TiO2 composite material provide rationale for further development of novel light captor composites for photoenergy conversion. Other applications such electronics and gas sensors are envisaged. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A numerical extension of the simple Stoner-Wohlfarth model to the case of bi-dimensional angular distributions of easy axis is provided. The results are particularized in case of step-like, Gaussian-like and user defined distributions. In spite of its simplicity, the model can be applied to magnetically textured thin films and multilayers with in-plane magnetic anisotropy, independently on the texture source. Exemplifications are provided for a simple ferromagnetic textured FeCo film as well as for a FeMn/FeCoi CufFeCo spin valve structure. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

xRuO(2)-(1-x)alpha-Fe2O3 (x=0.1, 0.3,0.5 and 0.7) nanoparticle systems were successfully synthesized by mechanochemical activation of RuO2 and alpha-Fe2O3 mixtures for 0-12 h of ball milling. Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetic measurements, simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to investigate the phase evolution of xRuO(2)- (1-x)alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticle systems under the mechanochemical activation process. The Mossbauer studies showed that the spectrum of the mechanochemically activated composites evolved from a sextet for alpha-Fe2O3 (hematite) to four sextets and a doublet upon duration of the milling process with ruthenium oxide. Rietveld refinement of the XRD patterns yielded the values of lattice parameters as function of composition and milling times. The presence of Ru-substituted hematite and Fe-doped ruthenium oxide was evidenced and correlated with differences between ionic radii of Fe3+ and Ru4+. Magnetic measurements recorded at 5 and 300 K in applied magnetic fields of 50,000 and 100,000 Oe showed that the estimated saturation magnetization of the milled samples increased with ball milling time while preserving a multidomain magnetic structure. The Morin transformation was evidenced by zero-field cooling-field cooling (ZFC-FC) measurements in 200 Oe and 1 T, for samples milled for 0 and 8 h of mechanochemical activation. These results correlate well with the DSC-TGA measurements, which support the formation of mixedoxide solid solutions in the system under investigation. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.

Single molecular switches are basic device elements in organic electronics. The pentacene analogue anthradithiophene (ADT) shows a fully reversible binary switching between different adsorption conformations on a metallic surface accompanied by a charge transfer. These transitions are activated locally in single molecules in a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. The switching induces changes between bistable orbital structures and energy level alignment at the interface. The most stable geometry, the "off" state, which all molecules adopt upon evaporation, corresponds to a short adsorption distance at which the electronic interactions of the acene rings bend the central part of the molecule toward the surface accompanied by a significant charge transfer from the metallic surface to the ADT molecules. This leads to a shift of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital down to the Fermi level (E-F). In the "on" state the molecule has a flat geometry at a larger distance from the surface; consequently the interaction is weaker, resulting in a negligible charge transfer with an orbital structure resembling the highest occupied molecular orbital when imaged close to E-F. The potential barrier between these two states can be overcome reversibly by injecting charge carriers locally into individual molecules. Voltage-controlled current traces show a hysteresis characteristic of a bipolar switching behavior. The interpretation is supported by first-principles calculations.

Chromium substituted cobalt ferrites (CoFe2-xCrxO4, 0 <= x <= 2) were synthesized through solution combustion method using glycine as fuel, named glycine-nitrates process (GNP). As evidenced by X-ray diffraction data (XRD), single cubic spinel phase was formed for all CoFe2-xCrxO4 (0 <= x <= 2) series. The cubic lattice parameter (a) decreases with increasing chromium content. Room temperature Fe-57 Mossbauer spectra revealed the Fe3+ and Cr3+ site occupancy, the local hyperfine magnetic fields and the substitution of Fe3+ by Cr3+ in the lattice. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a refinement of particle size with the increase of Cr3+ content. Magnetic measurements from 5 K to 120 K have shown a dropping in the saturation magnetization as the chromium content increases. This behaviour has been explained in terms of substitution of Fe3+ by Cr3+ in the cubic lattice of cobalt ferrite.

The chemical modification of the niobium (Nb) surface after irradiation with femtosecond laser pulses was investigated by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The physical-chemical analyses indicated that the laser treatment results in oxidation of the Nb surface, as well as in the formation of Nb hydrides. Remarkably, after the samples' washing in ethanol, a strong Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) signal originating from the toluene residual traces was evidenced. Further, it was observed that the laser irradiated Nb surface is able to provide a SERS enhancement of similar to 1.3 x 10(3) times for rhodamine 6G solutions. Thus, for the first time it was shown that Nb/Nb oxide surfaces could exhibit SERS functionality, and so one can expect applications in biological/biochemical screening or for sensing of dangerous environmental substances. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

The effect of thermal treatments on the martensitic transformation in three representative Ni-Fe-Ga alloys with or without Co substitutions has been studied by calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and magnetometry. The alloys were prepared as ribbons, by the melt spinning technique. The thermal treatments promote a reduction of the martensitic transformation temperature in all investigated samples, with the most pronounced decrease for the alloys with lower Ga content. Three different mechanisms induced by specific thermal treatments and responsible for the characteristic behaviour of the martensitic transformation, with respect to temperature and heat of transition, were observed and discussed in details. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spherical aberration corrected transmission electron microscopes offer unprecedented capabilities in materials structural characterization down to atomic resolution. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) - spectrum imaging (SI) and annular bright field (ABF) imaging allow to simultaneously identify both the position and nature of the atomic species in a crystalline material. These techniques, along with conventional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy are particularly useful in heterostructures interfaces like epitaxial multilayers characterization, for identifying possible atomic interdiffusion at sub-nanometric scale. This paper presents the structural and compositional microanalysis down to atomic resolution of an epitaxial BaTiO3/SrRuO3/SrTiO3 ferroelectric heterostructure using complex complementary analytical electron microscopy techniques. The atomic arrangement of both heavy and light atomic species across the interfaces in the BaTiO3/SrRuO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures is revealed. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.