National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

This work reports on the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to quantify band bending at ferroelectric free surfaces and at their interfaces with metals. Surfaces exhibiting out-of-plane ferroelectric polarization are characterized by a band bending, due to the formation of a dipole layer at the surface, composed by the uncompensated polarization charges (due to ionic displacement) and to the depolarization charge sheet of opposite sign, composed by mobile charge carriers, which migrate near surface, owing to the depolarization electric field. To this surface band bending due to out-of-plane polarization states, metal-semiconductor Schottky barriers must be considered additionally when ferroelectrics are covered by metal layers. It is found that the net band bending is not always an algebraic sum of the two effects discussed above, since sometimes the metal is able to provide additional charge carriers, which are able to fully compensate the surface charge of the ferroelectric, up to the vanishing of the ferroelectric band bending. The two cases which will be discussed in more detail are Au and Cu deposited by molecular beam epitaxy on PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3(001) single crystal thin layers, prepared by pulsed laser deposition. Gold forms unconnected nanoparticles, and their effect on the band bending is the apparition of a Schottky band bending additional to the band bending due to the out-of-plane polarization. Copper, starting with a given thickness, forms continuous metal layers connected to the ground of the system, and provide electrons in sufficient quantity to compensate the band bending due to the out-of-plane polarization.

We report on the charge storage properties of trilayer structures consisting in sputtered gate HfO2/co-sputtered Ge-HfO2 layer/rapid thermal tunneling SiO2 oxide. Investigations of transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction evidence the formation of HfO2 with mixed structure of monoclinic and tetragonal in the annealed structures. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics were measured on Al/HfO2/Ge-HfO2/SiO2/Si/Al metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors based on as-deposited and annealed structures. Large C-V hysteresis is observed for the as-deposited structures and is controlled by traps present in oxide and interface. The annealing yields a C-V hysteresis with smaller memory window being due to injected charges in Ge nanocrystals.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been extensively employed to investigate the presence, localization, distribution and interaction with the host crystalline lattice of the paramagnetic point defects (intrinsic defects and transition metal ions) in semiconductors. The retrieval of such information for nanostructured semiconductors is considerably more difficult, due to the high disorder level in such systems, reflected in broad, featureless EPR spectra. We show here how, with proper adjustments of the EPR experiments and accurate numerical analysis of the resulting spectra, it was possible to obtain more accurate information regarding the localization and structure of various Mn2+ centers in ZnS and ZnO semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs). This lead to the observation and investigation of size related effects such as the presence of the extended lattice defect assisted incorporation of impurities in small (similar to 3 nm) cubic ZnS NPs, the dominant size induced lattice disorder observed for ZnO NPs, independent of the synthesis procedures, or the three steps decomposition of the epsilon-Zn(OH)(2) disordered shell of ZnS NPs with formation of new oxy-hydrated zinc compounds. These effects can be used to synthesize semiconductor nanoparticles with controlled size distribution, doping level and functionalized surfaces for specific technological applications.

Low fluence heavy ions incident on high resistivity Si produce lattice defects which act as trapping centers, and produce also an important local field of strain. The strain field intensity increases with the increase of the difference in atomic size and mass between the ion and the Si atom host. We investigate the correlation between the change of trapping parameters and the strain field. The strain field produced by Bi ions in Si is two times more intense than in Si irradiated with I ions, and effects the Gaussian broadening of trapping levels and the temperature dependence of cross sections.

Polyester fabrics modified with ZnO particles by electroless deposition were investigated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy in a parallel capacitor between 10(-2) and 10(7) Hz in a temperature interval from ca. 123 to 473 K. Textile samples were routinely characterized for the structure and interaction of the ZnO particles with the fiber surface. Since a textile fabric material is a mixture of air and fibers, the parameters taken into consideration should be called as effective ones. The deposition of ZnO particles lead to complex dielectric spectra and to the temperature dependence of the decomposed peaks following Arrhenius law.

Iron oxide-silica nanoparticles (IOSi-NPs) were prepared from a mixture of ferrous chloride tetrahydrate and ferric chloride hexahydrate dropped into a silica xerogel composite. The structure and morphology of the synthesized maghemite nanoparticles into the silica xerogel were analysed by X-ray diffraction measurements, scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, and transmission electron microscopy. The results of the EDAX analysis indicated that the embedded particles were iron oxide nanoparticles. The particle size of IOSi-NPs calculated from the XRD analysis was estimated at around 12.5 nm. The average size deduced from the particle size distribution is 13.7 +/- 0.6 nm, which is in good agreement with XRDanalysis. The biocompatibility of IOSi-NPs was assessed by cell viability and cytoskeleton analysis. Histopathology analysis was performed after 24 hours and 7 days, respectively, from the intratracheal instillation of a solution containing 0.5, 2.5, or 5mg/ kg IOSi-NPs. The pathological micrographs of lungs derived from rats collected after the intratracheal instillation with a solution containing 0.5mg/kg and 2.5mg/ kg IOSi-NPs show that the lung has preserved the architecture of the control specimen with no significant differences. However, even at concentrations of 5mg/ kg, the effect of IOSi-NPS on the lungs was markedly reduced at 7 days post treatment.

The synthesis of nanoparticles with inhibitory and bactericidal effects represents a great interest in development of new materials for biological applications. In this paper we present for the first time the synthesis of Ca10-xSmx(PO4)(6)(OH)(2) nanoparticles at low temperature and primary tests concerning the adherence of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 (gram-positive bacteria). All the XRD peaks were indexed in accordance with the hexagonal HAp in P63m space group. The EDAX spectrum and elemental mapping of O, P, Ca, and Sm demonstrate that all the elements were homogeneously distributed in Ca Sm-10-x(x).(PO4)(6)(OH)(2) with x(Sm) = 0.03. The peaks at 347.3 eV, 532.1 eV, and 133.8 eV in the XPS spectra can be attributed to the binding energy of Ca 2p, O is, and P 2p. The peak at 1084.4 eV observed in Ca Sm-10-x(x)(PO4)(6)(OH)(2) was attributed to the Sm 3d(5/2). Bacterial adhesion was reduced on Ca Sm-10-x(x)(PO4)(6)(OH)(2) sample when compared to pure HAp (x(Sm) = 0) and significant differences in bacterial adhesion on pure HAp (x = 0) and Sm:HAp (x(Sm) = 0.01,x(Sm) = 0.03, and x(Sm) = 0.1) were observed. The bacterial adhesion decreased when the samarium concentrations increased. Finally, we demonstrate that the Sm: HAp nanopowder with x(Sm) > 0 showed high antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212.

The aim of this paper is quantitative characterization of a MnZn ferrite with Bi2O3 increasing addition using the Image-Pro Plus software from Media Cybernetics. The sample matrix is a ferrite with the following chemical composition: Mn0.54Zn0.37Fe2.06O4. We applied the conventional ceramic technology in order to obtain the samples. Thus, the raw materials, i.e. alpha Fe2O3, Mn3O4, and ZnO, in a molar ratio 53:28:19 were mixed in suitable proportions in a steel ball-mill using demineralized water. The mixture was burn off at 800 degrees C for 1 hour, in air. The pre-sintered powder was milled in steel ball-mill with increasing addition of Bi2O3 (0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.10, 0.30, 0.50 wt %). For quick references, the sample without bismuth ions was denoted and the samples with increasing concentrations were numbered from "1", "7".

Here we report the extraordinary thermal stability of Mg rich bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs), which is important for hydrogen storage technology. The enhanced NP stability is accomplished because of two critical improvements: (i) no void development within NPs (nanoscale Kirkendall effect) during their formation and (ii) suppressed Mg evaporation and NP hollowing during Mg hydrogenation at elevated temperature. The mechanism leading to the improved thermal stability of Mg-based bimetallic NPs is shown to be due to MgH2 hydride formation before evaporation can take place. These findings were tested for various compositions of Mg with Ni, Cu, and Ti, which are interesting combinations of materials for hydrogen storage systems. To achieve this we first demonstrate the synthesis mechanism of Mg-Ni and Mg-Cu NPs, which is well controlled at the single particle level, in order to accomplish multi-shell, alloy and intermetallic structures of interest for hydrogen storage tests. Aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy was carried out to unravel the detailed atomic structure and composition of the bimetallic NPs after production, processing, and hydrogenation. Finally, a simple and effective methodology is proposed for tuning the composition of the Mg-based bimetallic NPs based on the temperature-dependent nucleation behavior of NPs in the gas-phase.

Europium doped zinc oxide (Eu:ZnO) thin films have been obtained by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). 002 textured thin films were achieved on glass and silicon substrates, while hetero-epilayers and homo-epilayers have been attained on single crystal SrTiO3 and ZnO, respectively. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) was employed to characterize the Eu:ZnO thin films. Extended XRD studies confirmed the different thin film structural properties as function of chosen substrates.