National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

The full knowledge of the charge storage mechanisms occurring in complex composite electrodes is key for the straightforward development of advanced electrochemical capacitors. In this work, hybrid electrodes composed of reduced graphene oxide, multiwall carbon nanotubes and NiO nanostructures were fabricated through reactive inverse matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation technique. Nitrogen doping of the carbon nano structures was carried out by introducing ammonia, urea and melamine precursors in the target. The N-doped graphene electrodes exhibited a significant capacitance enhancement as compared to non-doped ones. This fact is commonly ascribed to faradaic mechanisms. However, our structural-compositional studies point to a significant change of the structural configuration of the composites at the nanoscale upon the nitrogen functionalization as the source of the electrodes' capacitance enhancement. The composites fabricated with urea precursor exhibited the highest capacitance, and this fact was associated with the presence of pyridinic N groups that triggered the formation of a high amount of structural defects (vacancies - boundaries) and microporosity, not observed in the samples synthesized with other precursors that mainly contained pyrrolic-graphitic N.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells are within the emerging photovoltaic technologies. The combination of different halogen ions, in certain fill fractions, is one of the methods to improve the perovskite film properties. Herein, fabrication and characterization of perovskite cells in standard mesoscopic architecture using one-step deposition method has been done. The role of the halogen ions (Chlorine or Bromine) on crystal structure growth and photoelectric performance has been investigated. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy analysis were performed. The microstructure, composition and morphology of CH3NH3PbI1.8Br1.2 and CH3NH3PbI1.8Cl1.2 films are dissimilar, although identical fabrication method was used. Same holds for optical properties, band gap energies of 1.84 eV and 1.63 eV, respectively, being obtained. Integrated in solar cells, the maximum power conversion efficiency of the Br based devices is beyond 10%, while for those based on Cl, the efficiency drops around 5%.

This study presents the functionalization and characterization of graphene and electromagnetic interference (EMI) attenuation capacity in epoxy-nanocomposites. The modification of graphene involved both small molecules and polymers for compatibilization with epoxy resin components to provide EMI shielding. The TGA and RAMAN analyses confirmed the synthesis of graphene with a different layer thickness of the graphene sheets. Graphene samples with different layer thicknesses (monolayer, few layers, and multilayer) were selected and further employed for epoxy coating formulation. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized in terms of EMI shielding effectiveness, SEM, micro-CT, magnetic properties, and stress-strain resistance. The EMI shielding effectiveness results indicated that the unmodified graphene and hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) modified graphene displayed the best EMI shielding properties at 11 GHz. However, the epoxy nanocomposites based on HMDA modified graphene displayed better flexibility with an identical EMI shielding effectiveness compared to the unmodified graphene despite the formation of aggregates. The improved flexibility of the epoxy nanocomposites and EMI shielding characteristics of HMDA functionalized graphene offers a practical solution for textile coatings with microwave absorbing (MA) capacity.

The aim of this experimental work was to investigate the influence of the ion beam charge state on damage production in nanomaterials. To achieve this, we employed Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to investigate nanomaterials irradiated by a 23 MeV I beam. We found a significant influence of the ion charge state on damage production in monolayer graphene, but found no evidence of this effect in bilayer and trilayer graphene, nor in graphite. Furthermore, we found no evidence of this effect in CaF2 and SiO2 nanocrystals irradiated with the same ion beam.

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is regarded as one of the emerging materials for next-generation thin film solar cells. However, its synthesis is complex, and obtaining a single-phase CZTS thin film is difficult. This work reports the elaboration of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films by a sequential magnetron sputtering deposition of Cu2SnS3 (CTS) and ZnS as stacked films. Initially, the CTS films were prepared on a soda lime glass substrate by annealing Cu and SnS2 stacked layers. Second, ZnS was deposited by magnetron sputtering on the CTS films. The CTS\ZnS stacks were then annealed in Sn + S or S atmospheres. The tetragonal CZTS structure was obtained and confirmed by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The morphological and compositional characteristics, measured by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy, revealed large grains and dense surfaces with the elemental composition close to the intended stoichiometry. Additional X-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements were performed to determine the surface chemistry and particularities of the obtained films. The optical properties, determined using conventional spectroscopy, showed optimal absorber layer band gap values ranging between 1.38 and 1.50 eV. The electrical measurements showed that all the films are p-type with high carrier concentrations in the range of 10(15) to 10(20) cm(-3). This new synthesis route for CZTS opens the way to obtain high-quality films by an industry-compatible method.

The dimensional effect of electric charge storage with a density of up to 270 mu F/g by the hydrated ZrO2-nanoparticles system was determined. It was found that the place of localization of different charge carriers is the generalized heterophase boundary-nanoparticles surface. The supposed mechanism of the effect was investigated using the theory of dispersed systems, the band theory, and the theory of contact phenomena in semiconductors, which consists of the formation of localized electronic states in the nanoparticle material due to donor-acceptor interaction with the adsorption ionic atmosphere. The effect is relevant for modern nanoelectronics, microsystem technology, and printed electronics because it allows overcoming the basic physical restrictions on the size, temperature, and operation frequency of the device, caused by leakage currents.

Cu2SnS3 (CTS) is emerging as a promising absorber for the next generation thin film solar cells (TFSC) due to its excellent optical and electronic properties, earth-abundance and eco-friendly elemental composition. In addition, CTS can be used as precursor films for the Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) synthesis. The optical properties of CTS are influenced by stoichiometry, crystalline structure, secondary phases and crystallite size. Routes for obtaining CTS films with optimized properties for TFSC are still being sought. Here, the CTS thin films synthesized by magnetron sputtering on soda lime glass (SLG) using Cu and SnS2 targets in two different stacks, were studied. The SLG\Cu\SnS2 and SLG\SnS2\Cu stacks were annealed in S and Sn + S atmospheres, at various temperatures. Both stacks show a polymorphic structure, and higher annealing temperatures favor the monoclinic CTS phase formation. Morphology is influenced by the stacking order since a SnS2 top layer generates several voids on the surface due to the evaporation of SnS, while a Cu top layer provides uniform and void-free surfaces. The films in the copper-capped stack annealed under Sn + S atmosphere have the best structural, morphological, compositional and optical properties, with tunable band gaps between 1.18 and 1.37 eV. Remarkably, secondary phases are present only in a very low percent (< 3.5%) in samples annealed at higher temperatures. This new synthesis strategy opens the way for obtaining CTS thin films for solar cell applications, that can be used also as intermediary stage for CZTS synthesis.

A novel and disposable biosensor based on superoxide dismutase (SOD) immobilized on gold metallized polycaprolactone electrospun polymeric fibers (PCl/Au) has been developed for the determination of superoxide (O-2(center dot-)) in cell culture media. SOD biosensors were constructed employing three immobilization methods: crosslinking with EDC/NHS at a cysteine self-assembled monolayer (PCl/Au/SODCYS), biopolymer encapsulation with chitosan (PCl/Au/SODCHI) and cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (PCl/Au/SODGA). Scanning electron microscopy was performed at the three different biosensors to evaluate their surface morphologies. Biosensors were employed for the electrochemical detection of superoxide by fixed potential amperometry at different applied potentials, with two distinct enzymatic mechanisms being proposed: i) the reduction of the enzymatically generated peroxide, at -0.3 V, for which the PCl/Au/SODCHI biosensor presented the highest value of sensitivity of 40.1 mu A mM(-1) cm(-2), and ii) the regeneration of the enzyme catalytic copper centre, at +0.3 V, for which the PCl/Au/SODCYS biosensor had the highest sensitivity value of 16.1 mu A mM(-1) cm(-2). The proposed recognition mechanisms were further confirmed by cyclic voltammetric measurements, which enabled also to determine the amount of immobilized electroactive SOD, with highest value corresponding to the PCl/Au/SODCYS biosensor. The biosensors with best analytical performance, PCl/Au/SODCYS and PCl/Au/SODCHI, were further investigated for stability and selectivity, with best results for the PCl/Au/SODCYS, chosen for superoxide monitoring in cell culture media. The study is promising for future application of PCl/Au/SODCYS for the on-line superoxide monitoring of superoxide in cell cultures, grown directly on the biosensor itself.

In the present work, the effectiveness of vacuum deposition technique for obtaining composite thin films based on chitosan-coated magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite Ca10-xMgx(PO4)(6) (OH)(2) with x(Mg) = 0.025 (MgHApCh) was proved for the first time. The prepared samples were exposed to three doses (0, 3, and 6 Gy) of gamma irradiation. The MgHApCh composite thin films nonirradiated and irradiated were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. The biological evaluation of the samples was also presented. All the results obtained from this study showed that the vacuum deposition method allowed for obtaining uniform and homogeneous layers. Fine cracks were observed on the MgHApCh composite thin films' surface after exposure to a 6 Gy irradiation dose. Additionally, after gamma irradiation, a decrease in Ca, P, and Mg content was noticed. The MgHApCh composite thin films with doses of 0 and 3 Gy of gamma irradiation showed a cellular viability similar to that of the control. Samples with 6 Gy doses of gamma irradiation did not cause significantly higher fibroblast cell death than the control (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the homogeneous distribution of pores that appeared on the surface of coatings after 6 Gy doses of gamma irradiation did not prevent the adhesion of fibroblast cells and their spread on the coatings. In conclusion, we could say that the thin films could be suitable both for use in bone implants and for other orthopedic and dentistry applications.