Prof. Dr. Stefano BELLUCCI

The study of spectral gamma-ray logs plays a critical role in understanding the lithofacies and depositional environments of subsurface geologic formations. This research focuses on the Lam Member within the Habban oilfield, located in the Sab'atayn Basin, Yemen. By integrating spectral gamma-ray data with core analysis and other geological datasets, this study aims to provide insights into the stratigraphic distribution, mineral composition, and depositional processes of the Lam Member. Key parameters, such as thorium, uranium, and potassium concentrations, recorded from two wells were analyzed to infer sedimentary characteristics and environmental conditions. The results reveal significant lithologic heterogeneity and suggest a complex interplay of fluvial and marine depositional systems, enhancing the understanding of the basin petroleum potential. The Lam Member comprises interbedded carbonate (dolomite) and claystone with intercalated sandstone. Spectral gamma-ray results indicate that clay minerals primarily consist of mixed-layer clays, chlorite, kaolinite, and minor illite. Based on the Th/U ratio (less than 2), the depositional environment is identified as marine.

This study investigates the optimization of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) concentration in polysiloxane-based nanocomposites to enhance the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Flexible nanocomposite films were fabricated using the doctor blading method, and their triboelectric output was systematically evaluated as a function of MWCNT loading. The results reveal that incorporating MWCNTs significantly improves the electrical performance of the TENG, with the open-circuit voltage (V oc) and short-circuit current (I sc) increasing to 51 V and 5.7 mu A, respectively, at an optimal concentration of 0.05 wt %, compared to 32 V and 3.3 mu A for pristine polysiloxane films. However, further increasing the CNT content to 0.1 wt % led to a notable decline in output, attributed to nanoparticle agglomeration, which hinders effective charge transfer and promotes charge leakage. These findings underscore the crucial role of nanofiller dispersion and concentration control in the development of high-performance TENGs. This work provides valuable insights into the development of flexible, nanocomposite-based energy harvesting systems with enhanced output efficiency for wearable and portable electronic applications.

The rational integration of different-dimensional nanostructures offers a powerful platform for engineering synergistic functionalities in photocatalysis. Herein, we report the controllable synthesis of novel 2D/1D graphene/silver-silver sulphide (Ag-Ag2S) hybrid nanocomposites, wherein 1D Ag-Ag2S nanowires (NWs) are uniformly anchored onto conductive graphene sheets, affording a hierarchical hybrid structure with tailored optoelectronic properties. Structural characterization via X-ray Diffraction (XRD) confirmed the coexistence of crystalline Ag, Ag2S, and Ag2O phases, evidencing both hybridization and partial oxidation during growth. Complementary Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging revealed a homogeneous distribution of NWs across the graphene scaffold, ensuring maximized interfacial contact. Optical investigations demonstrated distinct band gap features (2.5 eV for Ag2S, 3.8 eV for Ag NWs, and 4.6 eV for Ag2O). In comparison, the composite exhibited dual transitions at 3.28 eV and 4.72 eV, attributed to interfacial charge transfer between Ag2S and graphene, alongside enhanced plasmonic carrier dynamics. FTIR analyses further corroborated the hybrid composition, highlighting O-H and C 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111 00000000 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 C stretching vibrations of graphene, CO bands from surface PVP ligands, and Ag-S/Ag-O vibrational modes consistent with XRD assignments. Harnessing these tailored structural and electronic attributes, the graphene/Ag-Ag2S heterostructures exhibited markedly superior photocatalytic activity toward methylene blue (MB) degradation, achieving a maximum efficiency of 89.55% under acidic conditions (pH 3) after 300 min of irradiation. Kinetic analysis revealed the highest rate constant (0.386 min-1) for the graphene/Ag-Ag2S nanocatalyst in acidic medium, surpassing both pristine Ag NWs and Ag-Ag2S. This work highlights the potential of spatially engineered graphene-based heterostructures to modulate band structures, enhance charge carrier transport, and thereby improve selective photocatalytic dye removal.

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanostructures were synthesized via sonochemical method with varying cadmiumto-sulfur (Cd:S) molar ratios (1:0.1, 1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:0.75, and 1:1) to investigate the influence of stoichiometry on their structural, morphological, and optical properties. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that Cd-rich conditions (1:0.1) produced large, irregular agglomerates (similar to 254 nm) due to limited nucleation, whereas increasing sulfur content led to granular and anisotropic morphologies (1:0.25-1:0.75), including partially leaf-like/platelet structures (189-302 nm) driven by facet-selective S2- adsorption. Near-stoichiometric Cd:S ratios (1:1) yielded uniform, faceted nanoparticles (63-396 nm) with controlled growth. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed a phase evolution from pure hexagonal (1:0.1-1:0.25) to mixed hexagonal - cubic (1:0.5), predominantly cubic (1:0.75), and re-emergent hexagonal coexistence (1:1). Crystallite sizes calculated via the Debye-Scherrer and Williamson-Hall methods ranged from 5.94 to 34.9 nm, correlating with phase stabilization and quantum confinement effects, while microstrain peaked at 8.42 x 10(-3) for the 1:0.5 sample, indicating lattice distortion during hexagonal - cubic coexistence. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV - Vis) spectroscopy showed direct band gaps between 5.18 and 5.41 eV, with the largest for the 1:0.5 sample, and indirect band gaps decreased to 3.32 eV at 1:0.25, reflecting defect-induced band distortion. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra revealed enhanced emission intensity at 547 nm for the 1:1 sample, attributed to defect-assisted recombination and improved surface passivation. Raman spectroscopy indicated phonon confinement, including suppression of the 2LO mode at intermediate compositions. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed Cd - S bond formation and the presence of surface-capping 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) ligands. Cd:S precursor ratio enables control over particle size, morphology, crystal phase, defect density, and optical properties, offering a versatile strategy to optimize CdS nanostructures for optoelectronic applications. [GRAPHICS] .

This study explores the optimization of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) concentration in nylon-based nanocomposites to enhance the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Nylon/MWCNT nanocomposite films were fabricated using the spin-coating method, and their electrical output was systematically evaluated as a function of MWCNT concentration. Results show that the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current (Isc) increase with MWCNT loading up to 0.05 wt%, reaching a peak of 29.7 V and 3.0 mu A, respectively, compared to 17.5 V and 1.8 mu A for pristine nylon-based TENGs. However, a decline in output was observed at 0.1 wt% due to MWCNT agglomeration, which disrupts charge transfer and introduces charge leakage. The enhancement at optimal concentration is attributed to improved charge trapping and increased dielectric constant, while excessive CNT loading reduces the effective contact area and limits triboelectric charge generation. These findings underscore the crucial role of nanomaterial dispersion in optimizing TENG performance and offer valuable insights for the development of high-efficiency triboelectric energy harvesting systems.

Biodegradable polymers like poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) are widely studied for their potential applications in biomedical and environmental fields. To enhance PCL's thermal, and bioactive properties, researchers have explored composite formulations with other polymers or bioactive compounds. Oleic acid (OA), a naturally occurring fatty acid, has been identified as a promising modifier. This study investigates the modification of PCL with OA using an eco-friendly catalyst to improve its functional properties. PCL was grafted with OA using Maghnite-H+, a heterogeneous solid catalyst clay activated via sulfuric acid treatment. A response surface methodology with a central composite design was applied to optimize synthesis parameters, including reaction temperature, duration, and catalyst concentration. The resulting composite was characterized using FTIR and NMR to confirm structural modifications, while its thermal stability was evaluated. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, and antimicrobial potential was tested against various microorganisms. The PCL-OA composite exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity, with increased radical scavenging efficiency compared to unmodified PCL. Antimicrobial tests revealed strain-dependent effects, with improved inhibition observed in specific combinations of caprolactone, OA, and PCL-OA. The findings suggest that OA incorporation enhances PCL's bioactivity, making it a promising material for biomedical and packaging applications.

In this study, thin films of copper oxide (CuO) were deposited on indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) layers supported on glass substrates using a simple and low-cost home-made pneumatic spray technique at 350 degrees C for different deposition times (5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min). Copper chloride (CuCl22H(2)O) was used as copper source at a concentration of 0.05 mol/l. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the films were polycrystalline with a monoclinic structure in the preferred directions (111) and (-111). Increasing the deposition time led to an increase in grain size from 11.85 to 14.73 nm. Surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy revealed improved uniformity and horizontal growth of the CuO films with increasing roughness at a deposition time of 20 min. UV-Visible measurements showed a decrease in transmittance from 73 to 47% for the wavelength range (300-1100 nm) with increasing deposition time, accompanied by a decrease in the reflectance of the films. The energy gap (Eg) decreased from 2.17 to 2.44 eV, while the Urbach energy increased with increasing spray time from 0.145 to 0.33 eV. The prepared films had absorption coefficients greater than 5 x 10(4) cm(-1) in the visible range, which diminished in the near-infrared range. The refractive index ranged between 2.01 and 3.00, whereas the dielectric constant (epsilon(r)) increased from 3.65 to 9.17.

This work examines the influence of milling parameters on the evolution of the microstructure of Ni50Ti50 alloy prepared by high-energy mechanical alloying (MA). The study unveils a particle-folding phenomenon observed through scanning electron microscopy, which diverges from the conventional welding and fracturing mechanisms previously associated with MA. It is found that milling duration is critical, with particle folding being predominant in the initial stages, subsequently becoming less pronounced in favor of traditional processes over extended milling times. The research underscores the importance of processing parameters in achieving desired microstructural characteristics and suggests the potential for better control of nanocrystalline material properties. The outcomes present new opportunities for material synthesis, offering insights into the fabrication of nanomaterials with enhanced and tailored properties for various technological applications.

Background . Algeria has long sought to exploit its uranium deposits in the Hoggar region, whose objective is to market the ore, and use part of the production exclusively in the civil field, especially in electricity generation. The exploitation and valorisation of this ore; require a very specific process of exploitation, characterization and treatment. The main objective of this work is to establish a detailed and complete technical data sheet for the Tahaggart deposit, enabling the implementation of a uranium ore mining and beneficiation technique to obtain a marketable product known as "yellow cake". Methods . To achieve this objective, samples were taken from the site understudy, followed by microscopic and macroscopic analyses non-thin sections to obtain petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical identifications. Results . The analyses confirmed the sandstone character of the ore and the predominance of quartz, clays, oxides and iron hydroxides as well as uranium and rutile minerals. The uranium contents in the mineralized altered levels varied from 0.90 to 1.32 and from 0.34 to 0.74 % in the mineralized conglomeratic sandstones. Uranium occurred either in the high-grade uranium minerals or low-grade apatite, zircon, rutile, and in traces in monazite. & Scy; o n c l u s ions . Different studies carried out on the Tahaggart region have proven the presence of Uranium ores with remarkable quantities, varying between 0.90 to 1.32 % in the mineralized altered levels and 0.34 to 0.74 % in the mineralized conglomeratic sandstones, however, despite this, and in view of the strategic value that uranium enjoys at the international level; to date, there is no exploitation this mine by the state. The best treatment method in this case is heap leaching; the recovery rate by this method can reach 70 % in uranium as "yellow cake".

This study synthesized Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles using the co-precipitation method with doping concentrations ranging from 2 % to 8 %. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Visible spectroscopy. XRD analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of Mg2+ ions into the ZnO lattice, evidenced by lattice parameter shifts and a significant reduction in crystallite size from 30.91 nm (pure ZnO) to 18.10 nm (6 % Mg doping). SEM images showed uniform morphology with reduced particle agglomeration at optimal doping levels, while FTIR analysis identified characteristic Zn-O and Mg-O bonding vibrations, confirming structural integrity. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed strong absorbance in the UV region, with the band gap energy decreasing from 3.68 eV (pure ZnO) to 3.16 eV (6 % Mg doping), indicating enhanced optical properties conducive to improved photocatalytic performance. The photocatalytic activity of Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles was evaluated by degrading Basic Fuchsin (BF) dye under UV light irradiation. The Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance compared to undoped ZnO, achieving a maximum degradation efficiency of 99.38 % at 6 % Mg doping within 100 min. Optimal photocatalytic conditions were observed at pH 6, using 0.1 g of catalyst and an initial dye concentration of 10 ppm. These enhancements were attributed to improved electron-hole pair separation and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), facilitated by the strategic incorporation of Mg. To complement the experimental findings, Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations were performed, integrating the Conductor-like Screening Model for Realistic Solvation (COSMO-RS), Reduced Density Gradient (RDG), and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM). The DFT analysis revealed enhanced charge separation, optimized electron transfer dynamics, and stronger adsorption interactions at Mg-doped sites, which promoted efficient ROS generation. The calculated valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) edge potentials supported the formation of a Z-scheme heterojunction mechanism, enhancing charge separation and minimizing recombination. These theoretical insights aligned with the experimental observations, confirming that Mg doping effectively enhances photocatalytic efficiency by optimizing electronic interactions and promoting reactive surface dynamics. This integrated experimental and theoretical investigation demonstrates that Mgdoped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit superior photocatalytic properties, making them highly effective for environmental remediation applications, particularly in degrading organic pollutants in wastewater treatment. The study highlights the potential of Mg-doped ZnO as a promising photocatalyst for sustainable environmental solutions.

This study examines the impact of shale volume (Vsh) and clay mineral distribution on the petrophysical properties and reservoir quality of the Matulla Formation in the Gulf of Suez, a critical factor in global hydrocarbon exploration and production. Understanding how shale affects porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation enhances reservoir characterization, optimizing recovery techniques such as hydraulic fracturing and sustainable resource management. The evaluation process involved calculating shale volume using the neutron-density method, with values ranging from 1.9% to 11% across four wells (GS323-1, GS323-2A, GS323-3, GS323-4A). Clay minerals have been identified through Potassium-Thorium (K-Th) cross-plot include chlorite, illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and mixed-layer clays. Montmorillonite and chlorite negatively impact porosity and permeability, while kaolinite and illite improve hydrocarbon retention. Shale distribution analysis using the Thomas and Stieber model showed both laminated and dispersed forms, where laminated shales had minimal blockage, and dispersed clays significantly reduced the reservoir quality. Results reveal that wells with low Vsh (GS323-1 and GS323-4A) which ranges from 1.5 to 2% exhibit excellent reservoir quality, with high porosity (14%), high permeability (317-320.7 mD), and low water saturation (32-44%). Moderate Vsh wells (GS323-2A) show reduced porosity (13%), permeability (220 mD), and increased water saturation (46%), reflecting good but diminished quality. High Vsh well (GS323-3) display lower porosity (12%), permeability (140 mD), and moderate water saturation (37%), indicating challenges in fluid flow. This study highlights the need for tailored strategies to mitigate high shale content and swelling clays, offering valuable insights into optimizing hydrocarbon exploration and production in shale-influenced reservoirs worldwide.

This work reports the fabrication and optimization of nylon/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposite-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) using a spin coating method. By carefully tuning the MWCNT concentration, the device achieved a substantial enhancement in electrical output, with open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current peaking at 29.7 V and 3.0 mu A, respectively, at 0.05 wt% MWCNT loading on the surface of nylon. The corresponding power density reached approximately 13.9 mW/m2, representing a significant improvement over pure nylon-based TENGs. The enhanced performance is attributed to improved charge trapping and dielectric properties due to well-dispersed MWCNTs on the surface of nylon, while excessive loading caused agglomeration, reducing efficiency. This lightweight, flexible nanocomposite TENG offers a promising solution for efficient, sustainable energy harvesting in wearable electronics and self-powered sensor systems, highlighting its potential for practical energy applications.

Biodegradable polymers like poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) are widely studied for their potential applications in biomedical and environmental fields. To enhance PCL's thermal, and bioactive properties, researchers have explored composite formulations with other polymers or bioactive compounds. Oleic acid (OA), a naturally occurring fatty acid, has been identified as a promising modifier. This study investigates the modification of PCL with OA using an eco-friendly catalyst to improve its functional properties. PCL was grafted with OA using Maghnite-H+, a heterogeneous solid catalyst clay activated via sulfuric acid treatment. A response surface methodology with a central composite design was applied to optimize synthesis parameters, including reaction temperature, duration, and catalyst concentration. The resulting composite was characterized using FTIR and NMR to confirm structural modifications, while its thermal stability was evaluated. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, and antimicrobial potential was tested against various microorganisms. The PCL-OA composite exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity, with increased radical scavenging efficiency compared to unmodified PCL. Antimicrobial tests revealed strain-dependent effects, with improved inhibition observed in specific combinations of caprolactone, OA, and PCL-OA. The findings suggest that OA incorporation enhances PCL's bioactivity, making it a promising material for biomedical and packaging applications.

In this study, porous polysiloxane (PS)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposite films were developed as high-performance triboelectric layers for flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). TENGs convert mechanical motion into electricity and offer a promising solution for self-powered electronic systems. The nanocomposites were fabricated using a doctor blading method, and porosity was introduced via a simple, scalable salt-leaching technique. Sieved salt particles of varying sizes produced films with fine, medium, and large pores. Raman spectroscopy confirmed uniform MWCNT dispersion and strong interfacial interaction within the PS matrix. SEM analysis verified controlled pore morphology. Dielectric measurements showed reduced permittivity with increasing pore size due to air void incorporation. Triboelectric performance improved significantly with porosity; the medium porosity sample exhibited the best output with an open-circuit voltage of 65 V, short-circuit current of 6.9 mu A, and a power density of 280.6 mW m-2. This enhancement is attributed to the optimized combination of surface roughness, contact area, and dielectric behavior, promoting efficient charge generation and transfer. These results highlight the potential of microstructural engineering in porous nanocomposites for next-generation energy harvesting applications.

This study aims to investigate the impact of clays on the quality of the Nubia reservoir in the Saqqara field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. The research will contribute to a broader knowledge of reservoir characterization, offering valuable insights for similar geological settings in other regions, thereby aiding in the optimization of resource management in global petroleum industries. The shale evaluation procedure involves three primary steps: estimating shale volume, identifying clay minerals, and assessing shale distribution. The neutron-density (N-D) method was employed to estimate the shale volume in the Nubia reservoir, yielding an average of 0.6% across four wells, with a maximum recorded value of 2.2% in well GS323-3. These values represent that the Nubia reservoir contains a negligible amount of shale, indicating that the porosity and permeability are high. Clay mineral analysis, based on a Potassium-Thorium (K-Th) and Potassium-PEF cross-plots, identified the presence of chlorite, illite, montmorillonite, and heavy thorium-bearing minerals, where chlorite and illite enhance the mechanical stability of the reservoir, while montmorillonite may cause issues with swelling and pressure. Thorium-bearing heavy minerals are typically associated with reduced permeability due to their influence on chemical interactions. The shale distribution analysis, conducted using the Thomas and Stieber model, confirms the overall cleanliness of the Nubia reservoir. Most formation data points align with the 0% shale line, indicating high total porosity, while only a few points fall along the dispersed shale line. In conclusion, the findings indicate that the Nubia reservoir exhibits minimal shale content, predominantly clean lithology, and favorable porosity and permeability characteristics. Consequently, the reservoir is classified as high-quality, making it suitable for efficient hydrocarbon production.

The main objective of this research is to get a comprehensive view on the subsurface geological data on the Esh El Mellaha area and environs, Red Sea, Egypt. This includes determining the depth and structural characteristics of the basement surface beneath the region, as well as identifying additional gravity and magnetic sources and potential structures within the sedimentary cover. To achieve this goal, Bouguer gravity and aeromagnetic data were used, processed and analyzed. Various depth estimation techniques were employed to analyze subsurface structures, each offering distinct advantages. Euler Deconvolution effectively delineates structural discontinuities and fault systems, while the Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) method improves depth accuracy through wavenumber analysis. The Analytical Signal method enhances resolution, providing detailed depth variations. Across these methods, the estimated depth ranges from 300 to 5000 m, with an average depth of approximately 2380 m, offering critical insights into the subsurface geological framework. Two-dimensional (2.5D) modeling was conducted on two selected gravity and magnetic profiles to estimate the depth, dip, density, and magnetic susceptibility of the source bodies. Additionally, three-dimensional (3D) modeling was applied to Bouguer gravity and Reduced-to-the-Pole (RTP) magnetic profiles, providing a detailed representation of the causative source structures. The results of the 3D inversion of gravity and magnetic data reveal the subsurface distribution of density and magnetic susceptibility, aiding in the identification of major geological structures. The sectional maps and 3D models illustrate the vertical and horizontal variations in subsurface formations, highlighting distinct anomaly zones that may correspond to faults and lithological changes. The obtained results indicate that the sedimentary succession thickness is ranging from 1.0 to 2.2 km, a finding corroborated by the borehole data. Positive structural features identified in these models suggest promising targets for potential hydrocarbon reservoirs.

The study of spectral gamma-ray logs plays a critical role in understanding the lithofacies and depositional environments of subsurface geologic formations. This research focuses on the Lam Member within the Habban oilfield, located in the Sab'atayn Basin, Yemen. By integrating spectral gamma-ray data with core analysis and other geological datasets, this study aims to provide insights into the stratigraphic distribution, mineral composition, and depositional processes of the Lam Member. Key parameters, such as thorium, uranium, and potassium concentrations, recorded from two wells were analyzed to infer sedimentary characteristics and environmental conditions. The results reveal significant lithologic heterogeneity and suggest a complex interplay of fluvial and marine depositional systems, enhancing the understanding of the basin petroleum potential. The Lam Member comprises interbedded carbonate (dolomite) and claystone with intercalated sandstone. Spectral gamma-ray results indicate that clay minerals primarily consist of mixed-layer clays, chlorite, kaolinite, and minor illite. Based on the Th/U ratio (less than 2), the depositional environment is identified as marine.

This study examines the impact of shale volume (Vsh) and clay mineral distribution on the petrophysical properties and reservoir quality of the Matulla Formation in the Gulf of Suez, a critical factor in global hydrocarbon exploration and production. Understanding how shale affects porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation enhances reservoir characterization, optimizing recovery techniques such as hydraulic fracturing and sustainable resource management. The evaluation process involved calculating shale volume using the neutron-density method, with values ranging from 1.9% to 11% across four wells (GS323-1, GS323-2A, GS323-3, GS323-4A). Clay minerals have been identified through Potassium-Thorium (K-Th) cross-plot include chlorite, illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and mixed-layer clays. Montmorillonite and chlorite negatively impact porosity and permeability, while kaolinite and illite improve hydrocarbon retention. Shale distribution analysis using the Thomas and Stieber model showed both laminated and dispersed forms, where laminated shales had minimal blockage, and dispersed clays significantly reduced the reservoir quality. Results reveal that wells with low Vsh (GS323-1 and GS323-4A) which ranges from 1.5 to 2% exhibit excellent reservoir quality, with high porosity (14%), high permeability (317-320.7 mD), and low water saturation (32-44%). Moderate Vsh wells (GS323-2A) show reduced porosity (13%), permeability (220 mD), and increased water saturation (46%), reflecting good but diminished quality. High Vsh well (GS323-3) display lower porosity (12%), permeability (140 mD), and moderate water saturation (37%), indicating challenges in fluid flow. This study highlights the need for tailored strategies to mitigate high shale content and swelling clays, offering valuable insights into optimizing hydrocarbon exploration and production in shale-influenced reservoirs worldwide.

Chitosan, a naturally occurring biopolymer derived from chitin, has emerged as a highly promising instrument for the production and application of metal nanoparticles. The present review delves into the several functions of chitosan in the development and operation of metal nanoparticles, emphasizing its aptitudes as a green reducing agent, shape-directing agent, size-controlling agent, and stabilizer. Chitosan's special qualities make it easier to manufacture metal nanoparticles and nanocomposites with desired characteristics. Furthermore, there is a lot of promise for chitosan-based nanocomposites in a number of fields, such as metal removal, water purification, and photoacoustic, photothermal, antibacterial, and photodynamic therapies. This thorough analysis highlights the potential application of chitosan in the advancement of nanotechnology and the development of medicinal and environmental solutions.