National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

Thin films based on two different metal-organic systems are developed by MAPLE and their nonlinear optical applications are explored. A complex of o,o'-dihydroxy azobenzene with Cu(2+) cation is found to organize as a non-central symmetric crystallite. A simple protocol is developed for the in situ fabrication of highly monodisperse copper-complex nanoparticles in a polymer film matrix of polyacrylic acid. The thin films were deposited on quartz substrates by MAPLE ( matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation) using a Nd:YAG laser working at 355 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared ( FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and optical second harmonic generation (SHG) were performed on the samples. The optical limiting capability of the nanoparticle-embedded polymer film is investigated. (C) 2008 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Thin films of complex oxides have been obtained by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) from glass targets belonging to the system Li2O-Al2O3-P2O5-(RE)(2)O-3, with RE = Nd, Pr, Er. The films were deposited on quartz, silicon and ITO/glass substrates using a F-2 laser (lambda = 157 nm, iota approximate to 20 ns) for ablation in vacuum. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the oxide films were investigated through IR and UV-VIS spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. The laser wavelength was found to be the key parameter to obtain thin films with very smooth surface. In this way new possibilities are opened to grow multilayer structures for photonic applications. (C) 2008 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles have been prepared by the IR laser pyrolysis technique. A sensitized mixture of TiCl4 (vapors) and N2O was used as titanium and nitrogen precursors, respectively. The structural properties of the resultant N-doped nanoparticles such as the phase formation and the average particle size and distributions were investigated by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The phase composition varied from almost pure anatase to mixtures of rutile and anatase. A decrease of the mean particle diameters from about 18 nm in case of the almost pure anatase sample to about 13 nm in case of the anatase-rutile mixture is observed. XPS analysis suggests and interstitial character of the doping process. (C) 2008 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Mixtures of transparent and conductive oxides such as ITO-ZnO have been grown by a combinatorial pulsed laser deposition technique from two targets that were located 15 mm apart. The films were deposited on (1 0 0) Si and quartz substrates that were heated at temperatures from 300 to 500 degrees C. Measurements of the In to Zn ratios along the transversal axis of the substrates, which passes through the maximum thickness points corresponding to each target position were performed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry. From simulations of the X-ray reflectivity spectra, collected with a 2 mm mask on different locations along the transversal axis of the samples, the density and thickness of the deposited films were calculated and then the In to Zn ratios. The crystalline structure and electrical properties of the deposited films were also investigated along the same axis. Changes in the ratio of In/Zn along this axis resulted in changes of the film lattice constant and texture. (C) 2008 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Ferroelectric materials in thin film form, largely used in a broad variety of high-tech applications, are characterized by performing electrical measurements on capacitor-like structures. A complete characterization should include hysteresis, capacitance, and current measurements performed at different bias voltages, frequencies and temperatures. The analysis of the experimental data should be made considering that the real test structure is metal-ferroelectric-metal, and taking care of the direct impact of the microstructure on the macroscopically measured quantities. Further on, the theoretical models developed to simulate the experimental results should be able to explain simultaneously the data obtained from different types of electrical measurements. The main type of electrical measurements performed on ferroelectric capacitors will be discussed in detail. A special attention will be given to some important problems such as: the electrode-ferroelectric interfaces; calculation of the dielectric constant; intrinsic-versus-extrinsic contributions to the value of the dielectric constant--fake hysteresis loops and the question "Is the presence of the hysteresis cycle solid evidence for the presence of ferroelectricity?"; non-conventional contributions to the polarization charge and their effect on the frequency dependence of the hysteresis loop; conduction mechanisms in different ferroelectric materials. Some "hot" topic will be also discussed, as for example the validity of the serial model in the case of ferroelectric multilayers, and the coexistence of ferroelectric and antiferroelectric behavior in some structures and multilayers. The presentation is supported by experimental material collected by the author in the last 7 years, especially during his extended stay at the Max Planck Institute from Halle, Germany. The author is very grateful to V. Stancu, I. Vrejoiu and K. Boldyreva for providing most part of the samples, and to M. Alexe, D. Hesse and U. Goesele for the useful discussions and funding during the stay in Halle. Part of the experimental work was made in the frame of the contract CEEX-44-DINAFER, financed by the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research.

Mossbauer spectroscopy studies of Fe-Co/MgO catalysts proved that a high dispersion degree of Fe may be achieved for catalysts containing Fe/Co in a ratio close to 1. During materials processing. the presence of hydrogen at high temperatures, even for short time, induced an increased particle size of the catalytic Fe. The evaluation of various iron species from their areas in the Mossbauer spectra revealed the dependence of the nanotube amount on (FeCo alloy + Fe2+) content in the catalyst, in good agreement with literature mechanisms. The Raman spectra show that carbon nanotubes synthesized from ethanol in argon flow on 4.5%Fe:4.5%Co/MgO are richer in low diameter (0.7-1.0nm) tubes than those obtained at low ethanol pressure, in agreement with the effects of hydrogen reported in literature. The close similarity with the Raman spectra of Aldrich double-walled carbon nanotubes and from literature, recommends the syntheses in argon flow as better conditions for double-walled carbon nanotube growth.

The paper discusses the possibilities for enhancement of laser emission parameters and power scaling of Nd-doped transparent ceramic materials. It is shown that by a correlated approach that accounts for the properties of the laser material, pumping conditions and details of laser design, the direct diode laser pumping of these lasers into the emitting level F-4(3/2) enables additional power scaling in the range of 50-60% compared with the traditional 800 nm pumping in F-4(5/2).(.) (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Confinement of 4-n-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) to nanoporous molecular sieves with hexagonal structure of cylindrical pores (4.6 nm diameter) is studied. Thermogravimetric investigations have indicated that the pores are completely filled. Several surface species inside the pores and onto the external surface of the grains were demonstrated by differential thermal analysis and by in situ infrared spectroscopy. Arguments are given that bulk-like monomer and dimer species along with hydrogen bonded ones might coexist in the so-called surface layer, but their population varies drastically as function of the temperature. In addition, chemical changes of the confined liquid crystal are quite possible inside these nanopores, at temperatures lower than for the bulk. (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.

The infrared (800 nm range) radiation conversion to visible in Er3+ doped or (Nd, Yb, Tm) co-doped Sc2O3 transparent ceramics was investigated. The green upconversion (H-2(11/2) -> S-4(3/2)) -> I-4(15/2) emission in Er - 3 (at low Er content) under pulsed pumping into (I-4(15/2) -> I-4(19/2)) absorption lines shows a competition between ESA (excited state absorption) (I-4(15/2) -> I-4(19/2)) + (I-4(19/2) -> H-2(9/2)) and ETU (energy transfer upconversion) (I-4(11/2) -> I-4(15/2)) +(I-4(11/2) -> F-4(7/2)) two-step processes, function on the excitation wavelength. The upconversion transfer rates were estimated. The features of the blue (1)G(4) -> H-3(6) Tm3+ upconversion emission in (Tm, Nd, Yb):Sc2O3 ceramic, under pumping at 808.3 nm were also analyzed. At this wavelength both Nd3+ and Tm3+ present ground state absorption. The data suggest that the population of Tm3+ (1)G(4) emitting level is achieved by the energy transfer processes Nd(F-4(3/2) -> I-4(11/2)) + Tm(H-3(4) -> (1)G(4)), or the chain Nd(F-4(3/2) -> I-4(19/2)) + Yb(F-2(1/2) -> F-2(5/2)) followed by the Yb(F-2(5/2) -> F-2(7/2)) + Tm(H-3(4) -> (1)G(4)), function on Yb3+ content. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We report on the fabrication of MgO nanorods and nanowires by a novel, all-self-assembled method, using Pulsed Laser Deposition. The seeds for the formation of these one-dimensional nanostructures consisted of self-assembled gold nanodots. Gold was used due to its well-known catalytic effect. Dimensions and surface density of the Au nano-dots, investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy, depend on the deposition conditions and the number of laser pulses. Morphology of the MgO nanorods and nanowires was investigated by SEM, and was found to depend strongly on the deposition conditions and on the architecture of the Au nanodots on the decorated substrates.