National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

Fullerene C-60 has attracted attention due to its special chemical and physical properties. However, its poor solubility and processability arise difficulties in practical applications. These problems may be surpassed by grafting C-60 on polymers. This study presents the synthesis of the polyethylene/maleic anhydride copolymers and C-60 structures and their characterization by photoluminescence. The synthesis of the material is based upon the reaction of fullerene C-60 with amino groups containing in the polymer chains. In the first step, some polyethylene (PE)/maleic anhydride (MA) copolymers having 1, 3, 6 and 10 wt.% anhydride groups were reacted with an amine compound. The following step consists in the reaction of C-60 with the amine groups. A proof that the structures synthesized contain C-60 is given by the photoluminescence spectra.

Alternating layers based on copper and barium stearate have been prepared. The interlayer distance for both type of stearates have been determined by X-ray diffraction. It was found that the interlayer distance for an alternating assembly depends on the actual type of the stearate layer. Thus we demonstrated the possibility to control the inter-layer distance by choosing an appropriate sequency of layers. It is suggested that such layers may serve as high precision thickness standard at the angstrom level.

In present work, complex mixtures were designed based on fused SiO2, beta-SiC and different oxide additives. The addition of Al2O3 and mulite - 3Al(2)O(3) 2SiO(2) influence was investigated in order to obtain high temperature strength, thermal shock resistant and corrosion resistant composites. Thermal treatment was conducted in conventionally electric furnace in air and in argon respectively, in the 800-1250 degrees C temperature range. Sintered composites were characterised by bulk density, open porosity, and thermal shock resistance and thermal expansion measurements. The crystalline phase evolution in conjunction with each heat curing procedure was analysed by X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectrometry. Microstructure investigation of sintered samples was carried using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The relationship between the FTIR spectra and structure of the powders and sintered composites was explained.

ZnO is a wide band-gap (ca. 3.4 eV) semiconductor, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, biocompatible, transparent in the visible spectrum and UV light emitting material. The fabrication in 2001 of the first nanobelts of semiconductor oxide materials lead to a rapid expansion of researches concerning one dimensional nanostructures (nanotubes, nanowires, nanobelts), given their possible application in optics, optoelectronics, piezoelectricity, catalysis. Researches carried on up to date evidenced the possibility to obtain an extraordinary variety of ZnO nanostructures, in function of the experimental parameters and the used growth methods. In this work we present morphostructural results on nanostructured ZnO layers obtained by electrochemical deposition. The films have been grown on gold covered glass plates and Si wafers, in various experimental conditions such as: nature of the wetting agents, electrical polarization of the substrate (continuous, pulsed). The influence of the growth conditions on the crystalline structure and morphology of the films is revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies. The films show a variety of growth morphologies, from entangled-wires-like to honeycomb-like layers. These large-specific-surface layers will be tested as nanostructured substrates for photovoltaic cells with improved efficiency.

Indium nitride is an attractive semiconductor material for optoelectronic applications, high-speed electronics and solar cells. We report deposition of polycrystalline InN thin films with pyramidal morphology on different substrates by reactive RF magnetron sputtering method. The morphological characterization if the films are presented in corroboration with the deposition parameters and the observed crystallographic structure.

Iron- and europium-doped (<= 1 at.%)TiO2 nanoparticles powders have been synthesized by a hydrothermal route at 200 degrees C, starting with TiCl4, FeCl3 center dot 6H(2)O and EuCl3 center dot 6H(2)O. The structure, morphology and optical peculiarities were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), Mossbauer spectroscopy and UV-vis measurements. The photocatalytic performance was analysed in the photodegradation reaction of phenol. Rietveld refinements of XRD patterns reveal that the as-prepared samples consist in iron- and europium-doped TiO2 in the tetragonal anatase structural shape, with particle size as low as 15 nm. By means of Mossbauer spectroscopy on both Fe-57 and Eu-151 isotopes as well as by EXAFS analyses, the presence of Fe3+ and/or Eu3+ ions in the nanosized powders has been evidenced. It was found that iron and europium ions can substitute for titanium in the anatase structure. From the UV-vis reflection spectra, by using the transformed Kubelka-Munk functions, the band gap energy (E-g) of the hydrothermal samples has been determined in comparison with that of Degussa P-25 photocatalyst. A decrease of E-g from 2.9eV found for Degussa photocatalyst to 2.8 eV for the titania doped with 1 at.% Fe has been evidenced, indicating a valuable absorption shift (similar to 20 nm) towards visible light region. However, the best photocatalytic activity in the photodegradation reaction of phenol was evidenced for the hydrothermal sample, TiO2: 1 at.% Fe, 0.5 at.% Eu, in both UV and visible light regions. The photocatalytic activities of iron-doped and iron-europium-codoped samples are high and practically the same only in visible light. The photocatalytic properties in Correlation with the structural and optical peculiarities of the hydrothermal samples are discussed. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The relaxation of the irreversible magnetization of MgB2 bulk samples obtained by electric-field assisted sintering was investigated using the SQUID magnetometry for a magnetic field H up to 50 kOe applied in zero-field-cooling conditions. We observed a crossover plastic creep at high temperatures T-elastic creep at low T, described by H alpha T-2 in the low T range, which appears to be caused by the macroscopic currents induced in the sample during magnetization measurements. By decreasing T below this line the determined creep exponent rapidly overcomes the widely accepted theoretical values for elastic (collective) pinning. This behaviour can easily be explained through the occurrence of micro flux jumps, leading to a finite magnetization relaxation rate in the low-T limit. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We study the phase segregation in magnetite ferrofluids under the influence of an external magnetic field. A phase with lower nanoparticle density and corresponding higher optical transmission is formed in the bottom of a glass cell in the presence of only a very modest magnetic field gradient (smaller than 25 T/m). The flux density in our magnetic configuration is simulated using finite element methods. Upon switching off the external magnetic field, the low-density phase develops into a 'bubble'-like feature. The kinetics of this 'bubble' in the absence and presence of a magnetic field are described and analyzed in terms of a simple model, which takes into account buoyancy and drag forces. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The effect of fullerene on the radical polymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone with lauroyl peroxide in toluene was investigated kinetically. C-60 was found to act both as inhibitor and as retarder because the polymerization rate and the molecular weight of resulting poly(vinylpyrrolidone) is decreasing with the increase of the fullerene concentration (0-6.94 x 10(-4) mol l(-1)). The water-soluble poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-modified fullerene C-60 compound was characterized by differential scanning calorimetric, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy, UV absorption and photoluminescence. Based on the results obtained by optical measurements, it is argued that by the covalent attachment of the polymeric radicals to fullerene cage the extended electronic conjugation system of the C-60 is broken leading to the appearance of a polyene structure.

The most popular process of MgB(2) wire fabrication is the so-called in situ powder-in-tube (PIT) process, which is characterized by filing metallic tubes with Mg and B mixed powder, drawing and rolling the material into wires and, finally, by applying a heat treatment. X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out for MgB(2) cores and SiC-added wires. XRD patterns reveal that nearly single-phase MgB(2) was obtained. Also, in this paper are presented the obtained magnetization curves.