National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

Cation-substituted hydroxyapatite (HA), standalone or as a composite (blended with polymers or metals), is currently regarded as a noteworthy candidate material for bone repair/regeneration either in the form of powders, porous scaffolds or coatings for endo-osseous dental and orthopaedic implants. As a response to the numerous contradictions reported in literature, this work presents, in one study, the physico-chemical properties and the cytocompatibility response of single cation-doped (Ce, Mg, Sr or Zn) HA nanopowders in a wide concentration range (0.5-5 at.%). The modification of composition, morphology, and structure was multiparametrically monitored via energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray photoelectron, Fourier-transform infrared and micro-Raman spectroscopy methods, as well as by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. From a compositional point of view, Ce and Sr were well-incorporated in HA, while slight and pronounced deviations were observed for Mg and Zn, respectively. The change of the lattice parameters, crystallite size, and substituting cation occupation factors either in the Ca(I) or Ca(II) sites were further determined. Sr produced the most important HA structural changes. The in vitro biological performance was evaluated by the (i) determination of leached therapeutic cations (by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) and (ii) assessment of cell behaviour by both conventional assays (e.g., proliferation-3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl) 5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay; cytotoxicity-lactate dehydrogenase release assay) and, for the first time, real-time cell analysis (RTCA). Three cell lines were employed: fibroblast, osteoblast, and endothelial. When monophasic, the substituted HA supported the cells' viability and proliferation without signs of toxicity. The RTCA results indicate the excellent adherence of cells. The study strived to offer a perspective on the behaviour of Ce-, Mg-, Sr-, or Zn-substituted HAs and to deliver a well-encompassing viewpoint on their effects. This can be highly important for the future development of such bioceramics, paving the road toward the identification of candidates with highly promising therapeutic effects.

Composites of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles dispersed in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix were prepared by a molding process. Two types of samples were obtained by free polymerization with randomly dispersed particles and by polymerization in an applied magnetic field. The magnetite nanoparticles were obtained from magnetic micrograins of acicular goethite (alpha-FeOOH) and spherical hematite (alpha-Fe2O3), as demonstrated by XRD measurements. The evaluation of morphological and compositional properties of the PDMS:Fe3O4 composites, performed by SEM and EDX, showed that the magnetic particles were uniformly distributed in the polymer matrix. Addition of magnetic dispersions promotes an increase of thermal conductivity compared with pristine PDMS, while further orienting the powders in a magnetic field during the polymerization process induces a decrease of the thermal conductivity compared with the un-oriented samples. The shape of the magnetic dispersions is an important factor, acicular dispersions providing a higher value for thermal conductivity compared with classic commercial powders with almost spherical shapes.

The electrochemical behavior and the interaction of the immunosuppressive drug azathioprine (AZA) with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were investigated using voltammetric techniques, mass spectrometry (MS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The redox mechanism of AZA on glassy carbon (GC) was investigated using cyclic and differential pulse (DP) voltammetry. It was proven that the electroactive center of AZA is the nitro group and its reduction mechanism is a diffusion-controlled process, which occurs in consecutive steps with formation of electroactive products and involves the transfer of electrons and protons. A redox mechanism was proposed and the interaction of AZA with DNA was also investigated. Morphological characterization of the DNA film on the electrode surface before and after interaction with AZA was performed using scanning electron microscopy. An electrochemical DNA biosensor was employed to study the interactions between AZA and DNA with different concentrations, incubation times, and applied potential values. It was shown that the reduction of AZA molecules bound to the DNA layer induces structural changes of the DNA double strands and oxidative damage, which were recognized through the occurrence of the 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine oxidation peak. Mass spectrometry investigation of the DNA film before and after interaction with AZA also demonstrated the formation of AZA adducts with purine bases.

We present a detailed study regarding the bandgap dependence on diameter and composition of spherical Ge-rich GexSi1-x nanocrystals (NCs). For this, we conducted a series of atomistic density functional theory (DFT) calculations on H-passivated NCs of Ge-rich GeSi random alloys, with Ge atomic concentration varied from 50 to 100% and diameters ranging from 1 to 4 nm. As a result of the dominant confinement effect in the DFT computations, a composition invariance of the line shape of the bandgap diameter dependence was found for the entire computation range, the curves being shifted for different Ge concentrations by Delta E(eV)=0.651(1-x). The shape of the dependence of NCs bandgap on the diameter is well described by a power function 4.58/d(1.25) for 2-4 nm diameter range, while for smaller diameters, there is a tendency to limit the bandgap to a finite value. By H-passivation of the NC surface, the effect of surface states near the band edges is excluded aiming to accurately determine the NC bandgap. The number of H atoms necessary to fully passivate the spherical GexSi1-x NC surface reaches the total number atoms of the Ge+Si core for smallest NCs and still remains about 25% from total number of atoms for bigger NC diameters of 4 nm. The findings are in line with existing theoretical and experimental published data on pure Ge NCs and allow the evaluation of the GeSi NCs behavior required by desired optical sensor applications for which there is a lack of DFT simulation data in literature.

Advanced functionality in molecular electronics and spintronics is orchestrated by exact molecular arrangements at metal surfaces, but the strategies for constructing such arrangements remain limited. Here, we report the synthesis and surface hybridization of a cyclophane that comprises two pyrene groups fastened together by two ferrocene pillars. Crystallographic structure analysis revealed pyrene planes separated by similar to 352 pm and stacked in an eclipsed geometry that approximates the rare configuration of AA-stacked bilayer graphene. We deposited this cyclophane onto surfaces of Cu(111) and Co(111) at submonolayer coverage and studied the resulting hybrid entities with scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). We found distinct characteristics of this cyclophane on each metal surface: on non-magnetic Cu(111), physisorption occurred and the two pyrene groups remained electronically coupled to each other; on ferromagnetic Co(111) nanoislands, chemisorption occurred and the two pyrene groups became electronically decoupled. Spin-polarized STM measurements revealed that the ferrocene groups had spin polarization opposite to that of the surrounding Co metal, while the pyrene stack had no spin polarization. Comparisons to the non-stacked analogue comprising only one pyrene group bolster our interpretation of the cyclophane's STM features. The design strategy presented herein can be extended to realize versatile, three-dimensional platforms in single-molecule electronics and spintronics.

Graphene oxide (GO) and N-doped graphene [(N)G] graphenes were submitted to H-2 glow discharge under different discharge regimes, in both the negative glow and positive column plasma regions. The resulted catalysts were fully characterized using several techniques such as Raman, DRIFT and XPS spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, H-2 pulse chemisorption and H-2-, CO2- and NH3-TPD experiments. Density functional theory calculations were performed taking a slab model of graphene sheet with an optimized C-C bond length (1.426 angstrom) and a 16 angstrom vacuum layer between sheets. An overview of these characterizations showed that the O/C atomic ratio of GO is influenced by the plasma regime, indicating the occurrence of O removal, as also predicted by DFT calculations. In the case of (N)G, the plasma treatment also removes pyridinic N with an increase of the C/N ratio. The efficiency of the plasma modification has been checked through catalytic tests in hydroisomerization of 1-octene and hydrogenation of alpha-methyl-styrene. Contrarily to classical thermal activation requiring high temperatures, the generation of the defects by treating with plasma occurs at voltages in the range of 2 5 kV. In consequence, the hydrogenation and isomerization of alkenes resulted with high yields and good selectivities. Graphene prepared from sodium alginate from brown algae was considered as reference in these investigations.

The structure of the IrQ(ppy)(2) organometallic dual phosphorescent compound was experimentally and theoretically investigated. The Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer toward the phenylpiridine and quinoline ligands explains its dual phosphorescence property. The IrQ(ppy)(2) organometallic's electronic properties extend the absorption spectra toward the lower energies than Ir(ppy)(3) due to the bandgap reduction induced by the quinoline ligand. The magneto-optical measurements reveal A-terms, which are produced by splitting the triplet states and B-terms, which arise when the electronic levels are mixed in the magnetic field. The IrQ(ppy)(2) molecule's transport properties confirm an ambipolar character, consisting of a higher hole transport character induced by the phenyilpiridine ligands and a lower electron transport character induced by the quinoline ligand. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The first aim of this study was to develop an ATRP process for methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization using Fe(CO)(5) as co-initiator. The kinetics analysis of the reaction in solution confirmed the controlled characteristic of the polymerization process. The process displays a slow initiation step and presents bimolecular termination reactions at higher molecular weights, confirmed by NMR analysis. Also, these observations are sustained by GPC, FT-IR, and XPS analyses, explaining the rather unusual dispersity values (1.4) for an ATRP reaction. The use of formic acid, which shifts the equilibrium towards Fe2+ species affording a quasi-controlled controlled polymerization process, is a key element in achieving control over the reaction. The Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio at the end of the reaction, determined by XPS analysis, suggests the possibility to generate magnetic iron oxide particles. Therefore, the synthesis strategy was adapted for use in the suspension polymerization process of MMA which permitted the production of magnetic PMMA particles through a facile one-pot approach, using only an ammonia treatment stage. The obtained PMMA particles, characterized by SEM, XPS, TEM, TGA, and XRD analyses, have porous characteristics and magnetic properties which makes them good candidates as catalyst supports, separation processes, or biomedical applications.

A series of PtCeTi-SBA-15 catalysts, with different concentrations of Pt (0.25 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %), were synthesized. New Ti-SBA-15 material was obtained by direct synthesis and used as support in successive immobilization of Pt and Ce precursors, changing their order of addition. The characterization of the catalysts has been achieved taking an ensemble of techniques which showed preservation of the support porous structure, high dispersion of the amorphous metal oxides and Pt?, the formation of metal crystals for samples with 1wt% Pt and variation of Pt? content on surface in condition of ceria addition. The best conversion (100 %) was obtained in oxidation of hydrocarbons (CH4, C3H8 and C6H14) for the samples with 1% Pt and a significant diminish of activity was obtained for catalyst in which Ce was added on PtTi-SBA-15 sample. Differently of these, CO oxidation was totally irrespective of the catalyst composition.

We observe a strong thermally controlled magnon-mediated interlayer coupling of two ferromagnetic layers via an antiferromagnetic spacer in spin-valve type trilayers. The effect manifests itself as a coherent switching as well as collective resonant precession of the two ferromagnets, which can be controlled by varying temperature and the spacer thickness. We explain the observed behavior as due to a strong hybridization of the ferro- and antiferromagnetic magnon modes in the trilayer at temperatures just below the Neel temperature of the antiferromagnetic spacer.