National Institute Of Materials Physics - Romania

We propose a simple strategy to obtain a luminescence intensity ratio nanothermometer operating in the near infrared range (1000-1700 nm) by use of binary mixtures of lanthanide doped Y2O3 selected as 1% Ho - Y2O3 + 1%Er - Y2O3 and 1%Ho - Y2O3 + 1%Nd - Y2O3. All nanoparticles were synthetized by citrate complexation method and thermally annealed at 800 degrees C. The temperature evolution of the emission properties was monitored in the range of 297-472 K and analyzed in terms of emission shape, intensity, dynamics, excitation wavelength, acquisition mode and weight ratio of the binary mixture. A maximum relative sensitivity of 1%K-1 at 297 K was recorded for the 3/1 weight ratio Ho - Y2O3 + Er - Y2O3 binary mixture upon excitation at 536.8 nm. For the more appropriate excitation wavelength for bioimaging applications at 649.7 nm, a relative sensitivity of 0.55-0.6% K-1 was recorded in the relevant physiological temperature range (300-320 K) for the 3/1 weight ratio Ho - Y2O3 + Er - Y2O3 binary mixture. To the best of our knowledge, our study also represents a first report on the near -infrared luminescence (around 1200 nm) lifetime thermometry for a Ho doped nanoparticle. Comparison with the literature demonstrates that our system represents a promising near-infrared thermometer, with a non-sophisticated and reproducible configuration that is open to multiple optimization routes. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We investigate how far the hysteresis-free behavior of perovskite solar cells can be reproduced using particular pre-conditioning and measurement conditions. As there are currently more and more reports of perovskite solar cells without J-V hysteresis it is crucial to distinguish between genuine performance improvements and measurement artifacts. We focus on two of the parameters that influence the dynamic J-V scans, namely the bias scan rate and the bias poling voltage, and point out measurement conditions for achieving a hysteresis-free behavior. In this context we discuss the suitability of defining a hysteresis index (HI) for the characterization of dynamic J-V scans. Using HI, aging effects are also investigated, establishing a potential connection between the sample degradation and the variation of the maximal hysteresis on one hand, and the relaxation time scale of the slow process on the other hand. Pre-poling induced recombination effects are identified. In addition, our analysis based on sample pre-biasing reveals potential indications regarding two types of slow processes, with two different relaxation time scales, which provides further insight regarding ionic migration.

The influence of the B type cation from the ABO(3) perovskite formulation La0.75Sr0.25XO3 (LSX, where X is Fe, Mn or Cr) on the C and H2S tolerance and its catalytic activity for the methane/water reaction has been studied. The samples were prepared by a simple and cost-efficient citrate method. The exhaustive characterization of the bulk and surface properties of the catalysts has been accomplished by means of complementary methods: nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm measurements, XRD, TPR and XPS. Their catalytic properties in CH4/H2O reactions (CH4/H2O molar ratios of 10 and 1) were studied in the presence and absence of H2S in order to evaluate their potential use as anode materials in solid oxide fuel cells operated on natural gas. Before addition and upon suppression of H2S, the activity varied in the following order: LSF > LSM >> LSC. This correlates with the oxygen mobility determined by TPR. A strong promoting effect of H2S on the catalytic activity is observed for LSC, which makes this sample the most active of the series, while H2S has a weak influence on the other perovskites. The oxygen vacancies and the presence of S2- were identified as being responsible for the enhanced catalytic activity upon H2S addition.

The synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals with controlled doping is highly challenging, as often a significant part of the doping ions are found segregated at nanocrystals surface, even forming secondary phases, rather than incorporated in the core. We have investigated the dopant distribution dynamics under slight changes in the preparation procedure of nanocrystalline ZnO doped with manganese in low concentration by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, paying attention to the formation of transient secondary phases and their transformation into doped ZnO. The acidification of the starting solution in the co-precipitation synthesis from nitrate precursors lead to the decrease of the Mn2+ ions concentration in the core of the ZnO nanocrystals and their accumulation in minority phases, until similar to 79% of the Mn2+ ions were localized in a thin disordered shell of zinc hydroxynitrate (ZHN). A lower synthesis temperature resulted in polycrystalline Mn-doped ZHN. Under isochronal annealing up to 250 degrees C the bulk ZHN and the minority phases from the ZnO samples decomposed into ZnO. The Mn2+ ions distribution in the annealed nanocrystals was significantly altered, varying from a uniform volume distribution to a preferential localization in the outer layers of the nanocrystals. Our results provide a synthesis strategy for tailoring the dopant distribution in ZnO nanocrystals for applications ranging from surface based to ones involving core properties.

This paper presents an evaluation regarding the influence of substrate material characteristics and deposition parameters on the tribological behaviour of carbon-based coatings. Chromium nitride ceramic interlayers and carbon-based thin films were deposited by magnetron sputtering on hardened AISI 5115 (16MnCr5) case hardening steel. The physical vapour deposition (PVD) deposition was performed at three different temperatures: 180 degrees C, 200 degrees C and 250 degrees C. The chemical composition of the samples was assessed by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS), the structure by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and the surface morphology by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The surface chemistry was analysed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman Spectroscopy. The coatings are homogeneous, amorphous, with a smooth surface. The mechanical behaviour has been assessed on a pin-on disk rotational tribometer (wear characteristics), on a micro scratch tester (adhesion to the substrate), by ball-cratering (film thickness) and by nanoindentation (hardness and the modulus of elasticity). A strong correlation has been observed between the substrate characteristics and, more importantly, the deposition temperature, and the mechanical properties of the assembly. The fracture toughness is positively influenced by the presence of the ceramic chromium nitride interlayer. The modulus of elasticity and friction coefficient (both in dry and lubricated conditions) are decreased for higher deposition temperatures, however the higher deposition temperature negatively affects the mechanical characteristics of the steel substrate.

Technologically relevant tetragonal/cubic phases of HfO2 can be stabilized at room temperature by doping with trivalent rare earths using various approaches denoted generically as bulk coprecipitation. Using in situ/ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and in situ/ex situ site-selective, time-gated luminescence spectroscopy, we show that wet impregnation of hafnia nanoparticles with 10% Eu oxide followed by mild calcination in air at 500 degrees C produces an efficient stabilization of the cubic phase, comparable to that obtained by bulk precipitation. The physical reasons behind the apparently conflictual data concerning the actual crystallographic phase and the local symmetry around the Eu stabilizer and how these can be mediated by luminescence analysis are also discussed. Apparently, the cubic crystal structure symmetry determined by XRD results in a pseudocubic/tetragonal local structure around Eu determined by luminescence. Considering the recent findings on wet impregnated CeO2 and ZrO2, it is concluded that CeO2, ZrO2, and HfO2 represent a unique case of a family of oxides that is extremely tolerant to heavy doping by wet impregnation. In this way, the same batch of preformed nanoparticles can be doped with different lanthanide concentrations or with various lanthanides at a fixed concentration, allowing a systematic and reliable investigation of the effect of doping, lanthanide type, and lanthanide concentration on the various functionalities of these technologically relevant oxides.

The efficiency of the Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) is given either by the internal quantum efficiency of the organometallic compound or by the charge transport across OLED. IrQ(ppy)(2) is a new organometallic compound which gives green and red electroluminescence. This dual emitter compound exhibits a lower internal quantum efficiency compared with classical Ir(ppy)(3) green emitter because of a weak coupling between Ir3+ and oxygen ions which significantly reduces the charge transfer towards quinoline ligand. This lower internal quantum efficiency is compensated by the higher electron donor character of the quinoline ligand which induces better change transport in OLED structures. In the case of Ir(ppy)(3) green emitter, the efficiency can be improved by adding magnetic or metallic nanoparticles which significantly change the charge transport for the Ir(ppy)(3) based OLED structures. The metallic or magnetic nanoparticles embedded in the transparent and conductive polymer, reduce the electron injection, acting as filling traps, which directly increases the electroluminescence and the current at the same voltage.

A hard templating method, using SBA-15 in combination with glucose solution and different heteroatom precursors, has been employed to investigate the influence of the different heteroatom dopants nitrogen, boron, sulfur, and phosphorus on carbon electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Samples were synthesized under the same conditions and resulted in a similar morphology and surface areas around 1000 m(2)/g. Incorporating nitrogen into the carbon matrix was found to be easier than for boron or phosphorus, while sulfur doping proved problematic and only yielded 2 at% of sulfur or less. Different dopant concentrations as well as a combination of dopants suggested that nitrogen was the only heteroatom exerting an actual influence on the catalytic activity, resulting in higher electron transfer numbers. The other dopants exhibited a similar performance regardless of the dopant content, though slightly improved when compared to an undoped control sample. These findings indicate that incorporated nitrogen can act as catalytic sites, while boron, sulfur and phosphorus can enhance the catalytic activity by possibly creating defects in the carbon matrix.

Dextran-coated zinc-doped hydroxyapatite (ZnHApD) was synthesized by an adapted sol-gel method. The stability of ZnHApD nanoparticles in an aqueous solution was analyzed using ultrasonic measurements. The analysis of the evolution in time of the attenuation for each of the frequencies was performed. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations exhibited that no impurity was found. The morphology, size and size distribution of the ZnHApD sample was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The TEM and SEM results showed that the ZnHApD particles have an ellipsoidal shape and a narrow distribution of sizes. The cell growth and toxicity of HEK-293 cells were investigated on the ZnHApD solution for four different concentrations and analyzed after 24 and 48 h. The ZnHApD solution presented a non-toxic activity against HEK-293 cells for all analyzed concentrations. The antibacterial assay revealed that all the tested microorganisms were inhibited by the ZnHApD dispersion after 24 and 48 h of incubation. It was observed that the effect of the ZnHApD solution on bacteria growth depended on the bacterial strain. The Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 bacterial strain was the most sensitive, as a growth inhibition in the presence of 0.075 mu g/mL ZnHApD in the culture medium was observed.

We report the structural, dielectric, elastic, ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties of multiferroic (Nd, Fe)doped PbTiO3 perovskite ceramics with composition (Pb-0.88 Nd-0.08 )(Ti-0.94 Fe-0 .04 Mn-0.02)O-3, prepared by different solid state reaction methods: the first one based on a single-stage calcination (Method I) and the second based on a double-stage calcination (Method II). Structural, dielectric and anelastic measurements evidenced a double phase transition for samples prepared by Method I, which has been attributed to phase separation. This phase separation has been confirmed also by TEM and HRTEM investigations. Samples prepared by Method II showed a single phase transition from paraelectric to ferroelectric phase. We found coexistent ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties, also at room-temperature, but only for ceramics prepared by Method II. The crucial role of calcination process for avoiding phase separation and obtaining homogeneous structures with ferroelectric and ferromagnetic order is underlined.